Silas Marner (Silas Marner) and Jolil (Salt on a Snakes Tail in Come to Mecca) could both be described as outsiders in society Essay Example

Silas Marner (Silas Marner) and Jolil (Salt on a Snakes Tail in Come to Mecca) could both be described as outsiders in society Paper The characters of Silas Marner and Jolil Miah are quite different in their background. They are different ages, different races and religions, and the places they are brought up in are also quite different. Silas grew up in the rural countryside, while the changes of the industrial revolution were going on (in the early nineteenth century), whereas Jolil lived in Brixton, in a rough council estate in urbanised London, in the nineteen sixties. Yet although they lived in a different day and time, their situations were somewhat similar. Their communities contrast in a number of ways, but both Silas and Jolil do not fit into these categorised societies. Silas, by the end of his lifetime, has at last been integrated into the community of Raveloe, and is accepted by the neighbours and other people in the village. But what happens to Jolil only makes him feel more of a misfit in his society than ever. Jolil, a young Muslim boy growing up in London, is torn apart between his different cultures and societies. His father, who has emigrated from Bangladesh and doesnt really know as much about the people and society in England, wants Jolil to practise his own religion and culture. However Jolil is more into Kung Fu, and hangs around with a black friend who his father doesnt approve of. He is not very well integrated with the children at school, except for maybe some of the other Asian kids. Right at the beginning of the story, it says, He usually left school gate with five or six of the other Asian boys. It wasnt planned, but it was necessary. If they walked home together, they could pass the gangs of older white boys who gathered outside the school gates without fear. Theyd take the short route home, and if they passed the cluster of hostile faces outside the white estate at the end of their street, they could quicken their steps and feel the safe warmth of being part of a crowd. We will write a custom essay sample on Silas Marner (Silas Marner) and Jolil (Salt on a Snakes Tail in Come to Mecca) could both be described as outsiders in society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Silas Marner (Silas Marner) and Jolil (Salt on a Snakes Tail in Come to Mecca) could both be described as outsiders in society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Silas Marner (Silas Marner) and Jolil (Salt on a Snakes Tail in Come to Mecca) could both be described as outsiders in society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jolil was not the only one who hated having to watch your back all the time, feeling under threat. There was a group of them, who felt safer and confident together. It was the one thing they had in common, and walking home together was the one thing they could do to keep safe. Because it is set in the sixties, a time when many people were emigrating over from many other Asian countries, the people already in Britain at the time, had quite a negative and racist attitude towards them and the story reflects this attitude. He couldnt really practise his culture in the society, for fear and embarrassment. However, at the beginning of the book, Silas Marner, the main character, Silas, seems to get on with everybody has plenty of friends to turn to, he even has a fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, which he his hoping to marry once he has enough money, which he his slowly saving up. Everybody has trust in him, but when the deacon of the parish falls ill, it is Silas turn to look after him and this is the turning point in Silas life. While he having one of his cataleptic fits, which were not very common or heard of then, somebody creeps in to the deacons room and steals a bag of money from the bureau, the same night the deacon dies. Somebody has framed him by putting his knife near the scene, and the stolen bag of money has been planted in his cottage. All of the evidence points the crime to him, however Silas claims that he wouldnt do anything of the sort, and protests that he has never been known to tell a lie. Since its all the evidence against Silas word, it is decided to call the lots, a process which relies purely on chance. Silas realises what he could lose, his friends and family, Sarah and his dignity, but places his trust in God, who he relies on to clear his name. Only Silas and God know that he is innocent, however the lots declared that Silas was guilty. This is a great shock to Silas, especially as he had put all his faith in God to prove that he was not guilty of the crime. Suddenly after the trial, Silas recalls that he lent his knife to his best friend, William Dane. After this, Silas not only loses his trust in God, but William, who he has grown up with all his life. They have all betrayed him, even Sarah who ends up marrying William about a month after the trial and after this, Silas is sentenced to exile and dep arts from Lantern Yard shortly after the wedding. Silas moves into a stone cottage away from Lantern Yard, into another small community called Raveloe where he stays in isolation, without mixing, or fitting in the society. It is not only the fact that he is ashamed of the crime that he is supposedly meant to have committed, but that he has lost faith in god, and believes that if he makes more friends, or socializes, he may end up being hurt like he was in Raveloe. This is the deception that he has created for himself, and is not willing to ache the way he did at Lantern Yard again. If people dont know him, they cannot hurt him. It is also the village itself that affects Silas attitude. Raveloe has a completely different atmosphere to Lantern Yard. And what could be more unlike that Lantern Yard world than the world in Raveloe. The people are not as relaxed, although the farmers go to the local pub The Rainbow to socialize. The people were also much more religious, and they practised their religion in a different way that Silas knew. Mrs Winthrop is the one who finally encourages Silas to learn about the church. The other major factor contributing to Silas loneliness in Raveloe, is his epileptic condition. When his fits occur, they provoke people into gossiping, as the men do in The Rainbow. They discuss when and where he has had these strange visitations and try to give a possible explanation, but many feel that what happens to Silas cannot possibly explained, it is unnatural. Mrs Osgood is quite impressed with Silas after he produces a linen tablecloth, because he works with such speed and determination in his weaving. Silas earned a lot of money working at the loom, and much of this went to charity. He does not think of himself, but is very proud. But, soon starts to save and count up the money. He is finally holding 5 golden guineas, which he has earned after all the hard work he has done, it is the first experience he has with the joy of his money. This money would not let him down like his faith in God had. He stayed at his loom so that he could earn more of these guineas, making them the centre, the purpose of his life. This becomes Silas obsession, it was still what he lived for, what ruled his life. When he first moved to the village of Raveloe, money was not a great importance in his life. There is one incident, which rattles the whole village and their impression of Silas Marner. He has a reputation of keeping himself to himself and being a bit of a loner and forlorn. When he is told of poor Sally Oates illness, he prepares a natural remedy, which treats her better than any of the medicines the doctor gave her. This arouses superstition about Silas but it also shows his compassion for people. As more and more people hear of the great deed he did, and cured Sally Oates of her fateful illness, everyone begins to seek his knowledge of herbs and medical cures, they rush to his cottage, as they think that he must be the same sort of person as the Wise Woman, who in her description sounds much like a witch. However he wouldnt accept the money, and refused to help, denying that he had any knowledge of any drugs. In the novel, Eliot writes Silas might have made a profitable trade in charms as well as in his small list of drugs; but money on this condition was of no temptation to him. he would rather make money honestly, than deceit the people, some of whom have walked from other villages to see him. This sort of work does not appeal too him at all. However they did begin to get slightly annoyed, and resent him for not giving them what he wanted, and this heightened the repulsion between him and his neighbours, and made his isolation more complete. They start to leave him alone and not bother him, but also make him feel more uncomfortable around them by shunning him. It is partly because he was a social misfit in the village that he began to save the sovereigns that he earned, and hid them under a loose brick in the floor. For fifteen years, Silas has collected and not spent a penny on things he could do without, until he has a small fortune hidden under there. He gains comfort, contentment and even enjoyment from spilling the coins from the bag and calculate how much money he has accumulated. The night he discovers the money missing is a crucial one, he is taken aback. At fist he cannot believe that the coins have disappeared without a trace, he panics and becomes hysterical, he refuses to accept that the money isnt there. He frantically searches the house, looks everywhere, and distressed, as he does not see it anywhere. He has lost everything he had worked and is screams to release his grief. He finally has to acknowledge that the coins are nowhere too be found, they have been stolen by somebody. We know that Silas is deeply upset by this loss as he goes to The Rainbow, a place where he has never set foot the whole fifteen years he has lived in the village. This is the turning point in Silas life in Raveloe. He turns to the community for help for the first time. The people in the pub are astonished at the sight of Silas bursting through the door in a great panic about something. And everyone is in a fluster and a few accusations go on. The whole community, even the women pull together to try and help Silas recover from the shock. They do this by actually coming to visit him and try to comfort him, as do Dolly Winthrop and Mr Macy, but also by making an investigation, finding witnesses and getting suspects although without any success. At this stage, Silas is slowly getting to know the people he has been living with for the last fifteen years, and during one of the visits from Mrs Winthrop who is tender-hearted woman, encourages him to buy himself a new suit and go to the town church one Sunday. But he explains that the town where he grew up, they attended a chapel, and Dolly is not entirely sure of the meaning of the word itself. She is just surprised that Silas has never devoted himself to church. This is his next step towards mixing in the society After a while, the excitement wears off, especially as they are getting nowhere, but them is revived the night of New Years Eve, when young Eppie walks, literally in on Silas life. She sees the glowing fire in Silas cottage and walks toward it, caring for nothing else except the heat. Because Silas is having one of his epileptic fits, he doesnt notice until he recovers, but even then, all he sees is Eppies golden curls by the fire, and the illusion looks like his gold coins have turned up. The small child arrived at the cottage as mysteriously as the gold disappeared. Only when Silas reaches out to touch it does he realize that it is the head of a little girl. Silas, still not entirely clear on what is going on, first mentions his little sister. Could this be his little sister come back to him in a dream-his little sister whom he had carried about in his arms for a year before she died, when he was a small boy without shoes or stockings? through this, we know that he has been through a lot when he was only young, and the pain of his sister dying must have been tremendous. Silas has been hurt pretty much all through his life, it isnt a wonder he has no longer any faith. It is this similarity that brings Silas so close Eppie, she is only a small child and cannot let him down as other people can. Again, after discovering the body of Eppies mother, he turns to the community at the Red House for help. He is determined to keep and bring Eppie up alone, instead of giving her up to the parish. Since he now has a child in his care, the community are now beginning top automatically assimilating with him, especially Mrs Winthrop who naturally acts as a mother to Eppie. However, Silas remains very protective of Eppie, he does not want her to leave him, or be taken away from him.. I think he feels that if he relies on Dolly Winthrop too much, he may end up losing Eppie but also tries to remain independent. He is reluctant to accept the help of the neighbours in fear of this. But shell be my little un, said Marner rather hastily; shell be nobody elses I would say that he is being rather selfish and not really thinking of Eppie, after all, what Mrs Winthrop is saying in this paragraph is perfectly reasonable and justifiable, and also for Eppies benefit, and she will be the one most effected by the decisions made about her own future. It is these two people that eventually assist him into taking part in the community. Mrs Winthrop has experience of bringing up children and has valuable knowledge, which Silas should take into account and listen to. I think that Silas quite forgets that the child isnt even his own, and his behaviour is too possessive. Maybe he feels a sense of duty to look after Eppie, since she came to him in the first place. The major step Silas takes towards integration is the christening of Hephzibah in the town church. By allowing this, Silas is letting Eppie become apart of the community, and establishing her own links with society. Through Eppie, Silas gets a sense of security about himself, when given the opportunity; she chooses not to take the chance to leave his old cottage and live with her biological father Godfrey Cass, in his large comfortable mansion. Silas money is returned to him, but he does not feel the comfort as he did from it. Silas then makes the decision to take Eppie into his home village and find out if his name was ever cleared of the crime, and what became of the parson. However, after returning to Lantern Yard after tree decades, he is nervous, and anxious, as he cannot remember the way properly and feels again, like a stranger in his own home town, but soon begins to feel at ease when they have reached Prison street. But when they discover that the Lantern Yard and the chapel have been replaced, and can find no one who can tell them when and how the changes occurred. I do not think that Silas or Eppie are very disappointed, as the past has been erased, the past that caused Silas so much sorrow, although he will never know what happened about his case, only that he did not deserve to be exiled from the place. After seeing the present state of Lantern Yard, Silas must have been glad that he moved to another village, where he got so much happiness, especially in the last fifteen years. Silas has regained his faith in god, after being hurt all his life. Silas has finally found something he can be sure will not betray him in his life; he has overcome his weakness. As Eppie says, You wont be giving me away father, she had said before they went to church; youll only be taking Aaron to be a son to you. This makes Silas confident that Eppie will never leave him, and is true to her word, even though has married Aaron. He realizes that his restored faith has brought back all the things he missed, Eppie, Aaron and Dolly have bought more happiness and contentment than he could ever achieve with his money. The gold was his barrier with the society, Eppie was the link. Jolil, like Silas Marner, had a passion in his life, something that he lived for, although the two things were quite different. Jolil has a passion for Kung Fu. He idolises Bruce Lee who was the expert, the master of this art. He even compares himself with this person, and tries to find the similarities between them. As Jolil is staring into the mirror, not very oblivious of what is going on around him, he touched his cheekbones. Yes, they were somewhat like Bruce Lees. He only becomes aware when his father asks about the book he had bought home from that day. Jolil does not really try to explain to his father, just tried to hide the book. The only two people he can talk to about Kung Fu are his teacher, Mr Morrison, and Errol, his friend. But is reluctant and discomfited to practise in front of everybody else. We are not told why he trusts Mr Morrison but he doesnt want to explain to Mr Morrison why he was impatient to get home so quickly instead of waiting after school to see him about his English work. This also tells me that Jolil thinks that Mr Morrison also doesnt understand. Jolil thinks he didnt really catch on, it was another reading exercise to him when Mr Morrison gave him the book. Jolil considers his infatuation with Kung Fu to be a secret, as not many people know he is into it, but his close family may know. Jolil thinks that this secret is just another way he doesnt fit into school, or the other children in the playground. He often talks to Errol, who he is receiving training from. I also think that Jolil looks up to Errol, he speaks of Errols modesty in the playground, and Jolil has learnt a lot of tricks from Errol. Errol is African Caribbean. We can tell this from his name, and also because Jolils father refers to him as a darkie. I think that his fathers disapproval of Jolil hanging around with Errol only makes him more determined to do so. Jolil and Errol must be very close friends, because Jolil goes to visit his house on the Saturday, whereas he doesnt even mention any other friends he has. Errol is Jolils only true friend, and he can be himself around him. The reason for Jolils deep interest in this martial art is that he wants to be a hero and protect everybody. He has many dreams and ambitions for his future in Kung Fu. He is trying to discipline himself, but hasnt much confidence, he knows that he will have to be the best to become typical hero. Jolil then starts to compare himself with other Indian actors, like Rajesh Khanna, but this time; he isnt going to be a typical film star. But if he ever became famous, he wouldnt go and live in Malabar Hill like the other film stars did. Hed use his powers to do other things, to right a lot of wrongs, to be a saint of the fighting world. He wants to be admired and respected as his sister-in-law respects and admires Indian film stars. Jolil knows that it will be hard to achieve his dreams, but believes that he can do it, and is prepared to do all of the hard work. Jolil was reading the book that Mr Morrison gave him, and flicking through the pictures of Bruce Lee. The red scars on his body were supposed to be blood wounds, but they looked deliberately cut into neat patterns. He is a little sceptical, but continues to flick through the book. When he first finds out that Mr Morrison is going to show the whole school a video on the secrets of Kung Fu, he is very excited, enthusiastic and hopes to learn the secrets so that he may use them to protect himself, and others, he will never have to live in fear again, this video will teach him everything. But he is absolutely devastated when he finally sees the film. He feels let down and disappointed, as he faith in this film, the art of Kung Fu is really an illusion. It means he has to continue living the way he does; he cannot change it. It has destroyed his confidence, a nd his faith in Kung Fu. I dont think Jolil was as upset about the fact that Kung Fu was an illusion as he was about the fact, he put his trust in it in the first place, and he must have felt quite foolish. The first incident that we are directly told about in the story is when Jolil and his father are put in a situation where they are made to feel uncomfortable and awkward in their society. As they walk down the alley on the way to the mosque, the gang of white boys hanging around the parapet, begin to take advantage of the circumstances, as there is a group strong healthy youths confronting a young boy and an old man. As Jolil and Mr Miah approach the boys, the atmosphere grows tenser, and Jolil begins to regret taking this route, although it is shorter, and he also knows that they cannot run away; its too late to turn back. As the pair enter white territory, they are in a very vulnerable position. Mr Miah becomes very nervous at this point, his posture stiffens and his steps quicken. However, at first, he was fairly confident and scoffed at the thought of being felt inferior to anybody, yet now he becomes even more anxious. He realizes what is coming as well as Jolil, so their insult s and abuse begins. The boys sneer and taunt the fact that Jolil and his father are Bengali Muslims living in a mainly white area. They mock their accent and language to upset Jolil, in a threatening tone. The feeling of relief is expressed soon after, as Jolil describes the peace and serenity of the mosque, Mr Miah, in my opinion, is right in one way, that everybody should have the right to walk the streets without fear, but is merely being obstinate in his choice to take the short route than, take the longer but safer route. He is false I one sense, he puts on a fearless, self- assured act, to impress his son Jolil. It is the way he tries too bring his son up, but tries a little to hard. Jolil takes these offences more seriously, and is a lot more hurt by them. He can understand their jokes and puns properly, and the prejudice and racism involved. He has grown up with people like these, in this country, and with the children at his school, and has gradually learned to avoid and handle this. Mr Miah however has not had this experience and knowledge or understanding of the twists in the English language. To him, their rudeness is just an everyday part, which you must learn to accept, and tolerate their behaviour towards him as normal in that society. But he is also embarrassed, but refuses too swallow his pride and believe that he has been humiliated, especially since it was in front of his son. Therefore he makes excuses, you see why the Koran forbids us to drink? This is his reason for not sticking up for them. He is blaming their racist attitude on the alcohol; they dont consciously know what they were saying. A sober man would never consciously do this. On the way back, its almost as if, Mr Miah as automatically regained his confidence since he knows that he is safe and secure. He claims he would be ready to defend them both, had there been need. Jolil again makes a comment, which questions what is father is saying; his father replies, My mouth was dry boy. This again, is not a proper justification. The second event in the story is not as distressing, but equally as significant as the incident in the alley. This shows that something as simple as buying chairs, can be turned into something much more critical. There is much more stereotyping about Asians at this particular time. It is that all Asians are working class, ignorant to the British standards of living, and go for the cheapest thing available (tight) even if it isnt very good quality, and they all must have large families. The shopkeeper ridicules them, even though it isnt too obvious from when they first enter the store. Even on the way back they are confronted, because Jolils father spits onto the streets, provoking the youths however does not anticipate that the two white boys will begin to terrorize them again. After reading this, I feel that Mr Miah made a foolish move, and should have predicted that the whites would respond in this way. Although he tries to tell Jolil to escape while he can, Jolil sees the opportunity that he has been waiting for to show that he can fight like a tiger. Nevertheless, Jolil gets hurt in the attack and when one of the other youths gets injured, they see the chance to make a run for it. Leaving the chairs they rush straight back to their flat. Jolils mother and brother are quite suspicious as to why Jolil has red marks on his face and why him and his father seem nervous and why. Khalil does not accept his fathers answer, but shuts up when he uses God in hid defence, as he doesnt go against Allah. Mr Miah does not arouse much suspicion with Jolil, when he caught in the middle of the night, fiddling with the floorboards underneath the lino in the kitchen. But does warn Jolil not to let anyone find out about the incident, who immediately agrees, as he too ashamed to tell anybody since they ran away instead of facing the bullies. We later find out, that Mr Miah did stick up for them, and stabbed one of the boys, who died. It was obviously the knife, the murder weapon that he was hiding under the floor that night, and the police have already started investigating the murder when Jolil gets back from home. There is an immediate reaction of shock.

Indian Tourism Industry Essay Example

Indian Tourism Industry Essay Example Indian Tourism Industry Essay Indian Tourism Industry Essay Indian Tourism Industry The Indian Tourism Industry Forecast focuses on different parameters of tourism industry including: inbound tourism, outbound tourism, expenditure by inbound tourists, and medical tourism in India. It also helps clients to analyze the opportunities and factors critical to the success of tourism industry in India. In India, inbound tourist expenditure per head is third highest in the world and even more than global average tourist spending. India has been promoting its healthcare tourism by providing the visitors with private healthcare facilities. It is expected that the number of tourists visiting India for the purpose of medical treatment will reach one Million by 2012, representing a CAGR of 28. 09% from 2007. Disposable income in past (during 2001-2006) grew at a CAGR of 10. 11%, thereby driving domestic as well as outbound tourism. Room rent accounts for more than 50% of revenue earned by Indian hotel industry. Indian outbound tourist flow is expected to increase at a CAGR of 12. 79% over the five-year period spanning 2007-2011. Tourist influx to India is expected to increase at a CAGR of 22. 65% between 2007 and 2011. India’s share in global tourism is expected to reach 1. 5% by 2010. Key Issues and Facts Analyzed What is the current state of tourism industry in India? What are the emerging trends in the tourism sector in India? What is the future outlook of the tourism industry in India in terms of inbound as well as outbound tourism, and expenditure by inbound and outbound tourists? Which factors are driving the India tourism industry? Hotel industry scenario in India? Hotel industry occupancy rate and room supply by 2011 This highlights only the synopsis of the Indian tourism industry. **

Annotated Bibliogrophy

Unequal moving to Being Equal: Impact of â€Å"No Child Left Behind† in the Mississippi Delta. (91),. pp. 18-32. This article looks at 3 specific elementary schools tracking the achievement level index of said schools in the Mississippi Delta from 2003 to 2007. They analyzed the teachers of these schools and looked at what is needed to make the NCLB work. Upon further research of the authors they have written a plethora of scholarly articles many concerning education; furthermore, the data published in this article if very clear and informative. Although this article is based on a very small sample group it gives a look at the educator’s point of view on how to make the NBCL work better. Also the data was collected very recently. Again being that this article is a very small sample size I would conclude that it is bias toward these three specific school’s needs but they do represent a larger population of lower income schools all across America. This will not be a main source for my research but this article will be useful in that the NBCL is criticized for hurting smaller, low income school systems in which this article was written. Dee, S,Thomas. , Jacob, A,Brian. (2010). The Impact of No Child Left Behind on Students, Teachers, and Schools. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, (2),:pp. 149-207. This article studies how the NCLB act has changed accountability in our school systems with new testing. Furthermore their studies indicate that at lower grades we are finding gains but at higher grades there are little to no gains. Both Thomas and Jacob are affiliated with two major universities making this article both scholarly and relevant. With over 5 pages of graphs and other forms of research this article is broadly based and the statements made have sufficient research to back up said statements. Because of the recent data that this article provides I will use the studies as a major research in the NCLB act and testing in general. Hoikkala, T. , Rahkonen, O. , Tigerstedt, C. , Tuormaa, J. (1987) Wait a Minute, Mr Postman! -Some Critical Remarks on Neil Postman’s Childhood Theory. Acta Sociologica, (30),. 1: pp. 87-99. In this critique the authors assess Neil Postman’s views and theories on how children learn in a technologically driven society. The author’s points out in many instances were Postman contradicts himself throughout his works as time and technology changes. The leading authors of this scholarly article both hold major positions at a University levels making this critique a worthy article to cite. Written in 1987 I feel this article was written at a time in America were technology was changing from television to computers making this an interesting view on how children in America are learning and growing up in a different world than the birth of television. While the article feels bias towards Postman it still has very worthy points on education, testing in America, and how children in our society grow up with new forms of technology. This article while helping my research on the effects of the NCLB act and testing in general will not be a primary source but will provide me with a view on our society concerning this subject at the time right before computers were in every household and therefore I find it very useful. Lohmeier, L, Keri. (2009). Aligning State Standards and the Expanded Core Curriculum: Balancing the Impact of the No Child Left Behind Act. Journal of Visual Impairment Blindness, (103),. 1:pp. 44-47. This article addresses the vision impaired learning process concerning the NCLB act and how law makers can merge laws concerning the teaching the vision impaired to better work with the NCLB. Keri L. Lohmeier, Ed. D. , sits as a cochairman of National Agenda Goal 8, board of directors, Division on Visual Impairments making her more than qualified on the subject at hand. The charts and tables she sites are well organized and easy to follow giving the reader an idea why her ideas on changing the way we teach the vision impaired at a governmental level. Written in 2009 this article is recent and relevant. The subject of vision impaired education points out how major acts such as the NCLB have difficulty in helping all of our students and although this article will not be a major part of my research on testing the fact stated above proves how general testing has major problems reaching all students. Mayers, M, Camille. (2006). Public Law 107-110 No Child Left Behind Act of 2001: Support or Threat to Education as a Fundamental Right?. Education, (126),. 3:pp. 449-461. The article looks at the goal of the NCLB concerning helping lower income students having the opportunity to the right of a fair education. Camille is works as an Educational Guidance and Counseling at the California State University making this article scholarly and or worth in my research for testing and NCLB. I would deem his research trustworthy as his points and statistics backing them up are up to date and relevant. His conclusion is one that I share in that the NCLB does not help lower income students as intended so I may be bias but his sources are scholarly and his arguments are not biased. If this article covered more than just lower income students I would defiantly consider this as a main source of research but unfortunately it is not. Pederson, V, Patrica. (2007). What is Measured is Treasured: The Impact of The No Child Left Behind Act On Nonassessed Subjects. Clearing House. , (80),. 1:pp. 287-291. In this article the author studies the impact that the NCLB act has played on the arts and humanities subjects in our school systems. Upon further research of Pederson she has many published scholarly articles concerning education making this article worthy or research. The tables and data shown in this article are gathered from 2001 to 2005 and are well detailed and comprehensive. As with most of my previous articles chosen for this research it is written our current times this one being 2007. The article is very clear in that it does not delve in subjects that the NCLB was intended for but how it takes away from other important subjects that law makers overlooked in the act. This article will not serve as my primary source of evaluating the NCLB act but it is very important to understand how this act effects studies in subject in which it was not intended and why law makers feel they are not as important. Postman, N. (1992). Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology. New York: Knopf. In this book author Neil Postman analyzes technology from the viewpoint not often looked upon, the negative effects it has on society. From the mid 60’s to present day Neil Postman has been writing and teaching his views on technology making any of his works a worthy topic in this field. Technology is changing every day. Being that this book was published over 20 years ago one would infer that it is out of date but on the contrary many of his theories on the subject are still being analyzed. The author’s thoughts on testing in an educational form make this book very useful for analyzing and critiquing the NCLB. Postman, N. , Weingartner, C. (1969). Teaching as a subversive activity. New York: Delta Books. In this book the authors take a look at the problems as they seem them with the education system in America and propose solutions to this problem. As I have already stated in this bibliography Postman is more than a worthy source to analyze concerning education and testing. This book has theories and opinions stated by the authors that some may agree or disagree with but in my humble opinion it is the problems that are pointed out in this book that are most concerning especially considering that it was written in 1969 and we still have many of these problems. While the authors are very opinionated in their ideas they promote a new way of thinking about our problems with education in America. Even though this book was written in 1969 I feel the ideas and solutions to education make this book worthy of a main resource. Powell, Deborah. , Higgins, J, Heidi. , Aram, Roberta. , Freed, Andrea. (2009). Impact of No Child Left Behind Act on Curriculum and Instruction in Rural Schools. Rural Education, (30),. 1:pp. 19-28. This article examines a number of rural elementary schools concerning how the NCLB has affected their curriculum and how it will further shape what is taught in rural schools in order to help students pass tests created by said act. While the authors are unknown to myself the journal in which it is published concentrates on specific government acts concerning education. The data portrayed in this article varies from negative to positive making this source unbiased and being that this article was published in 2009 makes this data up to date and useful. While still up in the air in which role this article will play in my research the article directly delves into a topic that hits home as a future educator in a rural school system; furthermore, what and why the NCLB act changes what we teach our youth. Ross, M, S. (2009). Postman, Media Ecology, and Education: From Teaching as a Subversive Activity through Amusing Ourselves to Death to Technopoly. The Review of Communication, (9),. 2: pp. 146-156 The purpose of this review of three of Neil Postman’s major works concerning Education is to point out Postman and his sometimes co-author Weingartner’s theories, concerns and solutions to education and teaching. Susan Ross, an educator herself, writes this review while providing examples of how these books helped shape her career as an educator. Susan is an assistant professor and the Gulf Coast Speaking Center Director in the Speech Communication Department at the University of Southern Mississippi therefore giving her readers a valuable view at the subject at hand. This article was published in 2009 making it relevant to today’s standards. While this will not be my primary research on Neil Postman and his impact on education concerning The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act and the use of conventional testing Ross does delve into Postman’s ideas and concerns on testing and furthermore the article was written during the era of the NCLB. Tavakolian, Hamid. , Howell, Nancy. (2012). The Impact of the No Child Left Behind Act. Franklin Business and Law Journal, (1),:pp. 70-77. This article is a direct look at the NCLB and its impact on the graduation rates of the American school system and how that in turn relates to young adults enrolling into a higher learning institution. The authors are concerned with how the NCLB impact on today’s demanding job market and whether or not our education system promotes an environment where children can compete in said market. The leading author is a Professor of Management at California State, Fullerton making this work a scholarly. I find this article to be of worth because the overall objective of education should giving our youth the best opportunity possible at competing in the job market. Published this year, this article gives a very fresh look at the NCLB act and its impact on our educational institutions. Because of the articles specific purpose this will be a major resource in which I will use in writing about the NCLB act. Annotated Bibliogrophy Unequal moving to Being Equal: Impact of â€Å"No Child Left Behind† in the Mississippi Delta. (91),. pp. 18-32. This article looks at 3 specific elementary schools tracking the achievement level index of said schools in the Mississippi Delta from 2003 to 2007. They analyzed the teachers of these schools and looked at what is needed to make the NCLB work. Upon further research of the authors they have written a plethora of scholarly articles many concerning education; furthermore, the data published in this article if very clear and informative. Although this article is based on a very small sample group it gives a look at the educator’s point of view on how to make the NBCL work better. Also the data was collected very recently. Again being that this article is a very small sample size I would conclude that it is bias toward these three specific school’s needs but they do represent a larger population of lower income schools all across America. This will not be a main source for my research but this article will be useful in that the NBCL is criticized for hurting smaller, low income school systems in which this article was written. Dee, S,Thomas. , Jacob, A,Brian. (2010). The Impact of No Child Left Behind on Students, Teachers, and Schools. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, (2),:pp. 149-207. This article studies how the NCLB act has changed accountability in our school systems with new testing. Furthermore their studies indicate that at lower grades we are finding gains but at higher grades there are little to no gains. Both Thomas and Jacob are affiliated with two major universities making this article both scholarly and relevant. With over 5 pages of graphs and other forms of research this article is broadly based and the statements made have sufficient research to back up said statements. Because of the recent data that this article provides I will use the studies as a major research in the NCLB act and testing in general. Hoikkala, T. , Rahkonen, O. , Tigerstedt, C. , Tuormaa, J. (1987) Wait a Minute, Mr Postman! -Some Critical Remarks on Neil Postman’s Childhood Theory. Acta Sociologica, (30),. 1: pp. 87-99. In this critique the authors assess Neil Postman’s views and theories on how children learn in a technologically driven society. The author’s points out in many instances were Postman contradicts himself throughout his works as time and technology changes. The leading authors of this scholarly article both hold major positions at a University levels making this critique a worthy article to cite. Written in 1987 I feel this article was written at a time in America were technology was changing from television to computers making this an interesting view on how children in America are learning and growing up in a different world than the birth of television. While the article feels bias towards Postman it still has very worthy points on education, testing in America, and how children in our society grow up with new forms of technology. This article while helping my research on the effects of the NCLB act and testing in general will not be a primary source but will provide me with a view on our society concerning this subject at the time right before computers were in every household and therefore I find it very useful. Lohmeier, L, Keri. (2009). Aligning State Standards and the Expanded Core Curriculum: Balancing the Impact of the No Child Left Behind Act. Journal of Visual Impairment Blindness, (103),. 1:pp. 44-47. This article addresses the vision impaired learning process concerning the NCLB act and how law makers can merge laws concerning the teaching the vision impaired to better work with the NCLB. Keri L. Lohmeier, Ed. D. , sits as a cochairman of National Agenda Goal 8, board of directors, Division on Visual Impairments making her more than qualified on the subject at hand. The charts and tables she sites are well organized and easy to follow giving the reader an idea why her ideas on changing the way we teach the vision impaired at a governmental level. Written in 2009 this article is recent and relevant. The subject of vision impaired education points out how major acts such as the NCLB have difficulty in helping all of our students and although this article will not be a major part of my research on testing the fact stated above proves how general testing has major problems reaching all students. Mayers, M, Camille. (2006). Public Law 107-110 No Child Left Behind Act of 2001: Support or Threat to Education as a Fundamental Right?. Education, (126),. 3:pp. 449-461. The article looks at the goal of the NCLB concerning helping lower income students having the opportunity to the right of a fair education. Camille is works as an Educational Guidance and Counseling at the California State University making this article scholarly and or worth in my research for testing and NCLB. I would deem his research trustworthy as his points and statistics backing them up are up to date and relevant. His conclusion is one that I share in that the NCLB does not help lower income students as intended so I may be bias but his sources are scholarly and his arguments are not biased. If this article covered more than just lower income students I would defiantly consider this as a main source of research but unfortunately it is not. Pederson, V, Patrica. (2007). What is Measured is Treasured: The Impact of The No Child Left Behind Act On Nonassessed Subjects. Clearing House. , (80),. 1:pp. 287-291. In this article the author studies the impact that the NCLB act has played on the arts and humanities subjects in our school systems. Upon further research of Pederson she has many published scholarly articles concerning education making this article worthy or research. The tables and data shown in this article are gathered from 2001 to 2005 and are well detailed and comprehensive. As with most of my previous articles chosen for this research it is written our current times this one being 2007. The article is very clear in that it does not delve in subjects that the NCLB was intended for but how it takes away from other important subjects that law makers overlooked in the act. This article will not serve as my primary source of evaluating the NCLB act but it is very important to understand how this act effects studies in subject in which it was not intended and why law makers feel they are not as important. Postman, N. (1992). Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology. New York: Knopf. In this book author Neil Postman analyzes technology from the viewpoint not often looked upon, the negative effects it has on society. From the mid 60’s to present day Neil Postman has been writing and teaching his views on technology making any of his works a worthy topic in this field. Technology is changing every day. Being that this book was published over 20 years ago one would infer that it is out of date but on the contrary many of his theories on the subject are still being analyzed. The author’s thoughts on testing in an educational form make this book very useful for analyzing and critiquing the NCLB. Postman, N. , Weingartner, C. (1969). Teaching as a subversive activity. New York: Delta Books. In this book the authors take a look at the problems as they seem them with the education system in America and propose solutions to this problem. As I have already stated in this bibliography Postman is more than a worthy source to analyze concerning education and testing. This book has theories and opinions stated by the authors that some may agree or disagree with but in my humble opinion it is the problems that are pointed out in this book that are most concerning especially considering that it was written in 1969 and we still have many of these problems. While the authors are very opinionated in their ideas they promote a new way of thinking about our problems with education in America. Even though this book was written in 1969 I feel the ideas and solutions to education make this book worthy of a main resource. Powell, Deborah. , Higgins, J, Heidi. , Aram, Roberta. , Freed, Andrea. (2009). Impact of No Child Left Behind Act on Curriculum and Instruction in Rural Schools. Rural Education, (30),. 1:pp. 19-28. This article examines a number of rural elementary schools concerning how the NCLB has affected their curriculum and how it will further shape what is taught in rural schools in order to help students pass tests created by said act. While the authors are unknown to myself the journal in which it is published concentrates on specific government acts concerning education. The data portrayed in this article varies from negative to positive making this source unbiased and being that this article was published in 2009 makes this data up to date and useful. While still up in the air in which role this article will play in my research the article directly delves into a topic that hits home as a future educator in a rural school system; furthermore, what and why the NCLB act changes what we teach our youth. Ross, M, S. (2009). Postman, Media Ecology, and Education: From Teaching as a Subversive Activity through Amusing Ourselves to Death to Technopoly. The Review of Communication, (9),. 2: pp. 146-156 The purpose of this review of three of Neil Postman’s major works concerning Education is to point out Postman and his sometimes co-author Weingartner’s theories, concerns and solutions to education and teaching. Susan Ross, an educator herself, writes this review while providing examples of how these books helped shape her career as an educator. Susan is an assistant professor and the Gulf Coast Speaking Center Director in the Speech Communication Department at the University of Southern Mississippi therefore giving her readers a valuable view at the subject at hand. This article was published in 2009 making it relevant to today’s standards. While this will not be my primary research on Neil Postman and his impact on education concerning The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act and the use of conventional testing Ross does delve into Postman’s ideas and concerns on testing and furthermore the article was written during the era of the NCLB. Tavakolian, Hamid. , Howell, Nancy. (2012). The Impact of the No Child Left Behind Act. Franklin Business and Law Journal, (1),:pp. 70-77. This article is a direct look at the NCLB and its impact on the graduation rates of the American school system and how that in turn relates to young adults enrolling into a higher learning institution. The authors are concerned with how the NCLB impact on today’s demanding job market and whether or not our education system promotes an environment where children can compete in said market. The leading author is a Professor of Management at California State, Fullerton making this work a scholarly. I find this article to be of worth because the overall objective of education should giving our youth the best opportunity possible at competing in the job market. Published this year, this article gives a very fresh look at the NCLB act and its impact on our educational institutions. Because of the articles specific purpose this will be a major resource in which I will use in writing about the NCLB act.

Knowledge of Organizational Communication Concepts and Skills Essay - 1

Knowledge of Organizational Communication Concepts and Skills - Essay Example This paper presents an analysis of each communication concepts and provides suggestions to implement it in the organization. Active listening is a very important part of communication structure. In order to build an effective business communication structure there is need to improve listening skill. This section outlines the importance of active listening and suggests ways to improve this skill. Both speaking and listening are very important part of verbal communication. Without a doubt, in any firm (small, medium or large), listening plays a significant role in effective working associations and communications among employees and between staff and administration. In the same way, this skill is also important in communicating with business customers and other organizations. The importance of listening cannot be underestimated if a business really wants to survive in this ever-increasing competitive world. In fact, listening has the power to make or break someone’s success in management, or customer relationships. Hence, improving listening skills means increasing the chances of business success (Hatter, 2013; Kati, 2011; More-For-Small-Business, 2012; Tingum, 2013). In addition, there are many important tips that can be used to improve listening skills. However, the first rule is to pay the speakers full attention and try to keep eye contact. In this scenario, the speaker can be a colleague, an employee, customer or management. Additionally, when they have completed this process, put another way their words and confirm whether you understand them in the approved manner. If you have any confusion then keep continue asking questions to increase understanding of their speech. Actually, listening cautiously while someone speaks to you can improve the quality of business communication. However, in order to improve listening power there is a need for effective concentration, which can only be attained with endeavor and practice. Without a

Corporate Governance and Revised Combined Code Essay

Corporate Governance and Revised Combined Code - Essay Example This was damaging both to the British economy and to the City of London as a market for investors. This series of situations prompted the Stock Exchange to launch the Cadbury Inquiry into the financial aspects of corporate governance in 1990. Corporate governance had become important. The Cadbury Committee Report of December 1992 defines corporate governance (CG) as 'a system by which companies are directed and controlled. Boards of directors are responsible for the governance of their companies. The shareholders' role in governance is to appoint the directors and the auditors and to satisfy themselves that the appropriate governance structure is in place.' The Higgs Report, 10 years later, however, defined CG as, 'a system that provides an architecture of accountability - the structures and processes to ensure companies are managed in the interests of their owners.' The OECD Report of April 1998 provides an international view of corporate governance. It says that 'Corporate governance comprehends that structure of relationships and corresponding responsibilities among a core group consisting of shareholders, board members and managers are best designed to foster the competitive performance required to achieve the corporation's primary objective.' A number of best practices code in CG has emerged as a result ... andard good practices for all company related matters such as board composition and development, remuneration, accountability and audit and relations with shareholders. The Cadbury Committee (1992) recognised that the board of directors in a company should be free to drive their companies ahead but at the same time function within a framework of accountability. The Code was updated by the Hampel Committee in 1998, embracing the recommendations of the Cadbury and Greenbury committee, as well as the Hampel committee. The Combined Code was updated in 2003 with the recommendations of the Higgs Report about the role of non-executive directors and the role of the audit committee (the Smith Report). During this time the UK Government also confirmed that the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) was to have the responsibility for publishing and maintaining the Code. In 2006, further changes were made by the FRC to the code. The latest consultations on a proposal to revise the Combined Code will end in March 2010, after which the UK Corporate Governance Code, as it will be known, will apply to financial years beginning on or after 29 June 2010. First introduced in 1998, The Combined Code has been updated at intervals. The current version of the Code isthe June 2008 edition, which applies to accounting periods beginning on or after 29 June 2008. CG is important as it contributes both to business prosperity and to accountability. A Few Best Practices of CG in the UK United Utilities - Company of the Year 2009 The largest listed water company in the UK, United Utilities, owns, operates and maintains utility assets such as water, wastewater, electricity and gas. The company's commitment towards corporate social and environmental responsibilities has been demonstrated through its

Advertisement Is a Legalised Form of Lying Essay Example for Free

Advertisement Is a Legalised Form of Lying Essay Necessity is the mother of invention is an oft-quoted saying. But now-a-days the reverse of it is more true. In modern business, invention is mother of necessityIn this age of machinery, newthings are produced everyday. Market is created for these things through advertisementBusinessmen advertise their goods in various ways and thus spread a knowledge of their goodsamong the customers. It is through advertisement that people begin to feel a need for even those goods of whichthey had never heard before. Advertisement creates demand. it is the backbone of commerce and Industry. No business can stay in the business world without advertisement. A successful businessman is one who snatches away money from even the most miserly and reluctant customer. Thus, the business world rotates on the pivot of advertisement. As the world is progressing, so the means of advertisement are also increasing. We allknow that big posters are pasted on the walls, and handbills are distributed to advance the sale of goods. Walls are painted and big signboards are displayed on crossings and prominent places toserve this purpose. In a cinema hall, first of all we see the advertisement slides. A major part of thedaily newspapers is full of advertisement. Situations Vacant, Tender Notice, Educational, Lostand Found, Matrimonial, cinema advertisements, and advertisements of so many other commodities are regular features of all newspapers. Radio and Television also are being used asmeans of commercial advertisement. A good advertisement must have certain qualities. First, it should be based on human- psychology. A thing meant for ladies, should be advertised in such a way that they are attractedtowards it. If men are to be customers, then it should appeal to their tastes. Goods for differentincome groups should be advertised, taking into consideration their purchasing power. A motor car is a thing for the rich. Its advertisement must be touch the mentality of the rich. Usha SewingMachine should be advertised in such a way that the family man, with ordinary income, may feelthe economic advantages of the investment of his money on it. Secondly, advertisements should be attractive. This is very essential. People look towardsan advertisement only if it is eye-catching. Good, interesting pictures are very effective form this point of view. We all know about Sanforised cloth. The advertisements to show that quality of the cloth display a man wearing a suit of non-sanforized cloth. He appears funny and uncomfortable ashis suit has gone out of fit by washing. Another man is shown wearing a suit of Sanforised cloth. How smart and active he appears. We immediately learn that Sanforised cloth is best because itdoes not shrink. So a good advertisement must be interesting, attractive and eye-catching. But proper sanctity must be maintained and unnecessary exposure must be avoided. It must also befrequently repeated, otherwise people forget all about the goods advertised. do not like to waste their time on things which do not concern them. So to be successful,advertisement must be brief. Long descriptive stories or certificates of praise about certain thing donot make good advertisement. This is an important point in advertising and a good advertiser mustkeep it in mind. Advertisements are not concerned with the good or bad quality of goods. Even the mostinjurious goods are advertised these days. Advertisements of undesirable drugs and medicines andindecent literature, so common. They simply cheat the public. So we should be careful while purchasing an advertised article. We should use our own mind, instead of blindly following theadvice of the advertisement. In our country, the art of advertising is in its infancy. in progressive countries, likeAmerica, big business concerns have specialists and experts for this purpose. They spend hugeamounts of money on advertisement. But it is not so in our country. Some businessmen consider their products to be very superior. They think advertisement unnecessary. This is undesirable. Toget success in business every big or small business-concern must make effective us of art of advertising goods. To run a business without its aid is not possible in the modern age. â€Å"the advertisement for the body-spray, Impulse. The whole idea of a man absorbed in hisdaily routine being suddenly roused out of it by a whiff of Impulse and then going through a seriesof impulsive actions to compliment the lady wearing it, is romantic and endearing to most women. This combined with the light, tinkling piano accompaniment and soft-focus filming makes theadvertisement an attractive one. Then we have the newspaper and magazine advertisements, invibrant color, interesting graphics and witty slogans. Take a look at most cosmetic advertisementslike Maybelline or Cover girl, where the page is attractively splashed with the newest colors themanufacturer has come up with a pretty, lively girl caught in mid-laughter. Therefore, advertisements today are generally interesting due to the visual and sound effects made possible yadvanced technology in the various mediums of print, sound and film, and a little imagination,especially when rival companies try their best to attract consumers and so try to advertise better. Are they useless? Not necessarily. In many ways advertisements help to keep the cost of most publications low so that we can afford them quite easily. This applies in the case of our dailynewspaper â€Å"The Straits Times†, the Sunday â€Å"Asia Magazine†, the popular â€Å"Readers Digest† andespecially the publication we are all familiar with, our respective school magazines. Theadvertisers pay to advertise and this payment subsidizes publishing cost so that we pay less thanwhat we might otherwise have to pay. Advertisements also help to ease our boredom sometimes. How many times have people been roused out of a bored stupor once they see an interestingadvertisement on a billboard or bus or when lazily flicking through a magazine? Also,advertisements either interesting or otherwise, especially of otherwise, do promote conversationamong friends when they discuss them, how an advertisement is so silly, or another is unusual andimaginative and yet another is introducing an interesting and attractive product which might beworth buying. This then brings us to the last point. Are advertisements misleading? One of their uses is that they inform us as to what is available on the market, but is this informationwholly true? Their main function is to attract buyers so naturally, only certain details regarding a product are highlighted while others are not provided at all. We are made to believe that a productis long-lasting, worthwhile, multi-purpose and bound to give us that happiness we cannot findelsewhere. Perfume advertisements promise to bring the opposite sex falling at one’s feet,dictionary and encyclopedia advertisements promise to give us all the wisdom and knowledge inthe world, cosmetic advertisement for â€Å"Ponderosa Steak Salad Restaurant† promises juicy andtender steak and delicious salad. I have eaten there and found the steak to be of very low quality,for a very high price, but the salad was everything the advertisement led me to believe. conclusion:So in conclusion, I would say that modernAdvertisements are boring, unless and oftenmisleading. †

Three Essays on Proust :: Essays Papers

Three Essays on Proust Introduction In Candace Vogler’s Philosophical Perspectives on the Humanities class last winter, we were asked to write six short essays relating Marcel Proust’s Swann’s Way to several cognitive philosophy texts, including Rene Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy and George Berkeley’s Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous. Our task was to make the ideas of Proust, Descartes, and Berkeley communicate with one another—to juxtapose and compare their ideas about what constitutes experience, what constitutes divinity, what is knowing, what is being. This is what these three essays attempt to address. A note on the texts: Proust’s Swann’s Way is the first volume of his eight-volume continuous narrative Remembrance of Things Past or In Search of Lost Times. (In the original French, it is A la recherche du temps perdu.) It is the story of a man’s life, a first-person memoir, a fictional autobiography. Swann’s Way is the story of this character’s love for his mother and for the girl Gilberte and his retelling of his friend Swann’s love for the woman Odette. In class, we called the un-named character/narrator "Marcel"—"old Marcel" when he is the grown-up man recounting the story of his childhood and "young Marcel" when he is the child. Marcel Proust is a distinct entity—of course, the author of the novel. Swann’s Way is written in four books, the Overture, Combray, Swann in Love, and Place-Names: The Name, all of which are mentioned in the essays. Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy questions and defines knowledge and existence. Descartes too, uses a first-person voice, whom we called "the Meditator." It is the Meditator who goes through the method of progressive doubt and re-founds all knowledge on the basis of "the cogito": Thus, after everything has been most carefully weighed, it must finally be established that "I am, I exist" is necessarily true every time I put it forward or conceive it in my mind. Berkeley’s Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous is an argument between the Cartesian thinker Hylas and the Berkelean Philonous. In the first of these dialogues, Berkley argues that the Cartesian notion of substance is incoherent and that the word "matter" as Descartes uses it is meaningless. Essay One All these memories, superimposed upon one another, now formed a single mass, but had not so far coalesced

Critical analysis of marketing ethics- corporate social responsibility Essay

Introduction Ethical conduct of marketing activities is essential for any serious business in the current globalized business environment. The issue of corporate social responsibility has been a challenge to many managers and will continue to do so in case proper mechanisms and policies are not put in place and implemented. The report gives an analysis of CSR practices and subsequently provides arguments in favour of the practice and those that do not. Long term perspective in carrying out CSR has been stressed. Sustainable CSR practices ensure that the business remains relevant in the long run, performs better and the needs of the community and environment are addressed. The impacts of CSR dimensions on the marketing mix strategy adopted by the firm have also been dealt with. The best approach to CSR has been suggested and recommendation is that the approach which resonates well with the goals of the firm must be adopted. The blue-chip company tackled in this report is Nike. Report summary It has been observed that marketing ethics still is a topic attracting vigorous debate among scholars and business practitioners. Currently, there is a corporate social responsibility movement that has been incited by a number of catalytic forces. However, these forces driving CSR in the current business setup have been propelled by serious shifts exhibited in the relationship of the market, individual and the state. Core drivers in CSR have been the ever-growing expectations from stakeholders, the ever shrinking role played by the state in businesses, levels of responsibility being put on supply chains, and the adding pressure emanating from shareholders (Amaeshi, et al., 2006, pp.4,17, 25). See more: how to write an analysis Studies that have been conducted indicate that the current public is more sensitive to CSR and thus expects much from businesses and it is therefore coming up with groups such as consumers, activists, community, employees, and shareholders so as to see to it that they are heard by corporate decision-makers. CSR could be viewed as the continuous commitment of businesses to act in a manner that is ethical and subsequently contribute to the economic development of society while trying to improve the life quality of its workforce and their families and that of the local community. The company becomes obliged to become sensitive to the demands of all stakeholders. It must be stated clearly that CSR does not imply monetary hand-outs in form of grants or donations (McWilliams & Siegel, 2000, pp.603-609). This is a myopic view of CSR that has often led to the vague argument that the business of a business entity is to do business and thus not to be concerned with issues going on in the society. This has often pitted CSR against profitability thus arguing that CSR programs will deter a firm from achieving its profitability goals. Long term views on CSR and profitability however indicate that a firm practicing CSR programs performs better than those which do not. The firm chosen for the report is Nike which deals in sports footwear and apparels. Analysis Critical Analysis of Arguments for and Against Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Friedman (2008, pp.32-33) notes that CSR is deemed to be a very comprehensive package of serious practices and programs guided by policies which are all integrated into the operations of a business entity, supply chains, and its decision making processes in the whole firm and this spins across current and past actions and the impact that the operations have on future welfare of business, society and environment in general. In this regard, CSR issues are related to community investment, governance, business ethics, human rights, market and working environment (Li & Su, 2007, pp.237-256). This eliminates the myopic view of CSR as simple charity and therefore calls upon the firm to incorporate fully the impact of its operations on stakeholders as well as the environment at the point of decision-making. Managers must thus juggle with a delicate balance that exists between the stakeholder needs, company needs to make profits and perform better, and be able to adequately reward shareholder. The argument posed for new corporate leaders is that of profit optimization being the key to success as opposed to profit maximization thus bringing a serious paradigm shift in terms of accountability to the firm’s shareholders to the social responsibility towards customers and other stakeholders in society (Chapple & Moon, 2005, pp.415-441). Given the current competitive international marketing, ethics have been singled out as playing a pivotal role since businesses have realized that they are handling human values as well as beliefs. Businesses have largely spread across geographic boundaries and the current marketers are faced with cross-cultural issues that they must deal with. Multinationals that did not notice this responsibility such as McDonald and Nestle ended up facing serious ethical problems in their marketing activities going as far as getting themselves in suits that cost them millions of dollars (Li & Su, 2007, pp.237-256). Bansal & Roth, (2000, pp.717–736) think that those who support CSR activities bring in very interesting arguments. They hold that CSR practices do enhance the firm and its brand image due to the good reputation that CSR brings on board. Companies that do CSR programs effectively have also been found to easily attract ethical sensitive employees and their retention levels are high because of the satisfaction and motivational levels that such employees do record. Such firms do report high growth rates in terms of market share and are able to easily attract new investors in their business ventures (McWilliams & Siegel, 2000, pp.603-609). Furthermore, firms with working CSR programs have experienced lower costs of operations and are thus able to report high net profit margins. These arguments for CSR practices are supported by the logic that a firm that is socially responsible does care about its customers, suppliers, employees, society, local community, and the environment as a whole. It thus becomes an approach through which a firm does recognize the wide impact that its business operations have on the society and its development and in essence ends up supporting the firm in pursuit of its business success and that it has to actively handle the social, environmental, economic, and human rights issues. This calls for sustainable development as well as good levels of corporate governance (Roux, 2007, pp.23-25). Chambers, et al., (2003, pp.112-119) argue that normative arguments do recognize the needs for CSR are mainly pillared on instrumental rationales or ethical, and those that are against CSR practices are based on property rights perspectives or institutional functions. In this regard, ethicists do argue that companies are obliged to act or behave in a manner that is socially responsible since that is something that is morally correct. Extremists in instrumental rationales would still support CSR programs even when they pose unproductive outcomes for the firm. The stand is based on the rational calculation which presupposes that CSR practices will in the long run benefit the firm in question (Sun, 2010, pp.45-47). This is enshrined in the organizational legitimization philosophy which poses that by showing responsibility, a firm will be able to proactively avoid and anticipate regulations of the government, make good use of opportunities that arise from the increased cultural, sexual, and environmental awareness, differentiate its products and services from those of its competitors who are not proactive, and would continue to benefit from privilege pursuits of economics (Mahon, 2002, pp.415-445). It assumes that the firm has a legal obligation to make maximized economic advantages that do accrue to its owners. The need for firms to protect their CSR practices is also presented since firms will not make supernormal profits from the CSR initiatives due to the entry of other firms (Visser, et al., 2008, pp.67-69). Visser, et al., (2008, pp.67-69) are of the view that the case against CSR is supported by the institutional function concept and that of property rights. This argument poses that the best vehicles for CSR are the governments, civil and religious organizations, and labour unions. They further argue that business managers do not have the necessary skills and time required to carry out CSR policies. They also hold that a business sector that is empowered should not be held responsible for its actions since it is not a governmental body that is in place through electoral processes. Thus, allowing businesses to carry out CSR practices is seen as being dangerous since this does allocates huge amounts of authority to the firms without exercising accountability (Chaudhri & Wang, 2007, pp.232–247). The property rights argument is rooted in neoclassical capitalism and its simplicity resonates with many scholars, especially those in finance. The position is that management reserves no right to carry out anything apart from that which increases the value of stockholders. Actions contrary to this are a violation of legal, moral and fiduciary responsibilities endowed to management (Visser, et al., 2008, pp.67-69). This is also supported by the competitive disadvantage theory which holds that CSR actions will impose a price on the company thus posing a competitive disadvantage when compared to other firms that are not practicing it. However, this is still viewed by many as a narrow view based on short term needs for profitability (Garriga & Mele, 2004, pp.51-74). How Different Dimensions of CSR Might Affect the Marketing Mix of NIKE There are a number of CSR dimensions that are tackled by a firm which is ethically responsible in its marketing mix and these include the physical environment, social, consumer, supply chain, and employee relations. The concept of marketing mix in this context is viewed as a theorized as well as structured way of effectively delivering and communicating product and service message to consumers in the market (Waddell, 2000, pp.323–345). The impacts posed by the CSR dimensions are based on the belief that the reputation of the company is quite vital to holding and maintaining a competitive position within the marketing place and in doing business successfully. The chart for CSR dimensions has been given in the appendix at the end of this report. These ethical issues if not well-addressed could create serious problems with consumers and make the marketing mix in place irrelevant. The marketing mix would include such things are product, price, place, promotion, physical evidence and people which are areas of marketing strategy application (Bhattacharya, et al., 2011, pp.56-58). The goal of business and marketing has been said to be profit maximization in a lawful manner. The behaviour portrayed in the marketplace must be ethical and ensure that there are societal benefits. The dimensions of CSR have been known to advance the corporate image, create and increase motivation as well as loyalty of both employees and consumers. A company which does not ensure employee development and proper compensation is likely to lose competitive advantage and this in turn affects the success of the marketing mix strategy employed by the firm such as Nike. When employees, who also constitute marketers, are empowered and well-developed, they enhance the performance of a company such as Nike. The environmental impact on businesses is huge (Secchi, 2007, pp.347-373). Companies that are known not to consider the impact their activities have on the environment lose out in the long run. The way the firm formulates its marketing mix strategy to resonate with the environmental needs will affect its long term viability. Such issues as use of green energy in its operations, use of biodegradable materials in advertisements, use of technology to safeguard the environment, and reduction of carbon emissions through carbon footprint measures could heavily impact on the success of its marketing mix. Ethically sensitive consumers will shun away from Nike if they find out that the company hold poor reputation on environmental issues (Peteraf, 1993, pp.179-191). Consumers on the other hand demand for quality products at competitive prices and the safety of these products must be guaranteed. A firm which does not take hid of these demands risks being thrown out of the market as consumers would avoid its products making its marketing mix strategies irrelevant. This is where the concept of consumer related marketing finds relevance since current consumers usually recognises CSR brands and end up supporting them (Covin & Miles, 1999, pp.47-63). Given the fact that Nike operates in the society and not in virtual settings, it is important that the social welfare of the local community be put into consideration in order to win trust, respect and loyalty, factors that enhance brand image and reputation. This also gives the company insurance in the society it operates in. it is hard to market a product of a company that does not have good brand image, has a ruined reputation and the society does not trust it or exhibits near zero loyalty levels (Baum & Wally, 2003, pp.1107-1129). Supply chain dimension in CSR for Nike must be considered since supply chains have been singled out as being at the core of business operations. The business in question such as Nike must be able to streamline its supply chain to resonate with the CSR demands. Marketing mix strategies that are employed in supply chains that are effectively handling CSR programs such as green logistics and green supplies have been found to resonate well with the consumers since the consumer is placed at the centre of these supply chains (Covin & Miles, 1999, pp.47-63). The Most Appropriate CSR Approaches to Adopt Numerous approaches to CSR have been proposed by many scholars and businesses. However, they are all defined by the size and resources bases controlled by organizations and the goals to be achieved in engaging in CSR. These approaches are initiatives based on community, getting into philanthropic activities, and developing business plans which build strong shared values. The company could adopt two approaches to the practice of CSR in the market. The first one should be coming up with community based initiatives where it supports organizations, events, as well as programs within the local community it operates in as this could pose strong positive impacts in the long run. This could subsequently create a positive brand recognition which resonates well with the community (Barney & Arikan, 2001, pp.67-78). This strategy should be done in combination with the approach of shared value. This shared value approach is a CSR initiative that focuses on building a set of shared values which do recognize the fact that long term success of the business as well as achieving a balanced social system are two concepts that are interdependent to each other. This approach is enshrined in the belief that for a business to thrive, the community in which it operates in must be healthy, educated, and governed in the most appropriate way possible (Lopez, et al., 2007, pp.285–300). In this regard, factoring in formal investments in areas of education, social well-fare, healthcare, and civil society when coming up with strategic business plans is the best avenue in creating opportunities that enhance and build social value while ensuring long term growth for the firm. Whichever approach a firm such as Nike adopts the most important consideration should be that it has to offer sustainability, win goodwill from the society, and ensure that the company meets its goals. Sustainable CSR practices work to ensure that the company avoid short term focus and looks towards profit optimization in the long run (Banerjee, et al., 2008, pp.51-79). Conclusion and Recommendations Considering the current global marketing environment, serious changes have occurred when compared to what it was decades ago. In this regard, it is imperative that firms adopt CSR practices that are sustainable. Indeed there are those who argue for CSR practices by firms and those that argue against these practices as has been established in the analysis. However, differences in opinion happen to emanate due to the aspect of time difference (Agle, et al., 1999, pp.507-525). Companies that focus on short term gains from CSR will be frustrated since this cannot be easily achieved. On the other hand, firms that seek to practice long term CSR programs that are sustainable have been reported to achieve high performance levels and have managed to justify their participation in CSR to their shareholders. In a nutshell, a serious company in today’s globalized market cannot assume the need for sustainable CSR policies that it should effectively carry out (Waddell, 2000, pp.323–345). The various dimensions of CSR such as environment, social, consumer, supply chains, and employee relations have been seen to pose serious impacts on the marketing mix strategies adopted by the firm such as Nike. Finally, it is recommended that all approaches to CSR must be considered and the best approach or a combination that fits the goals of the company be chosen as has been indicated above. References Agle BR, Mitchell RK & Sonnenfeld JA (1999). Who matters to CEOs? An investigation of stakeholder attributes and salience, corporate performance, and CEO values. The Academy Manage. J. 42(5): 507-525. Amaeshi, K, Adi, B, Ogbechie, C & Amao, O. (2006) †Corporate Social Responsibility in Nigeria: Western Mimicry or Indigenous Influences?†. No. 39-2006, ICCSR Research Paper Series –ISSN 1479 – 5124, The University of Nottingham, pp. 4,17, 25 Banerjee BS (2008). Corporate Social Responsibility: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. Crit. Soc., 34(1): 51-79. Bansal, P. & Roth, R. (2000). â€Å"Why Companies Go Green: A model of Ecological Responsiveness†. The Academy of Management Journal 43 (4): 717–736 Barney, J.B. & Arikan, A.M. (2001). ‘The resource-based view: Origins and implications’.   In M.A. Hitt, Freeman, R.E., and Harrison, J.S. (Eds.), The Blackwell Handbook of Strategic Management. Blackwell Publishers   Ltd. Malden, MA, 67-78 Baum JR & Wally S (2003). Strategic decision speed and firm performance. Strateg. Manage. J. 24: 1107-1129 Bhattacharya, CB, Sankar Sen & Korschun D., (2011) Leveraging Corporate Social Responsibility: The Stakeholder Route to Business and Social Value, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: UK. Chambers, E., Chapple, W., Moon, J., & Sullivan, M. (2003). CSR in Asia: A seven country study of CSR website reporting. International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility, Nottingham University, UK. Research Paper Series No. 09-2003, 112-119 Chapple, W., & Moon, J. (2005). Corporate Social Responsibility in Asia: A seven-country study of CSR web site reporting. Business & Society, 44, 415-441 Chaudhri V. & Wang J (2007). Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility on the Internet: A Case Study of the Top 100 Information Technology Companies in India. Manag. Commun. Q., 21(2): 232–247 Covin, J.G. & Miles, M.P. (1999) ‘Corporate entrepreneurship and the pursuit of competitive advantage’. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23: 47-63 Friedman, (2008) The social responsibility of business in to increase its profits. New York Times Magazines, 13 Sept., 32-33 Garriga, E. & Mele, D. (2004) Corporate social responsibility theories: Mapping and territory. Journal of Business Ethics, 53, 51-74 Li, J. & Su C., (2007) â€Å"How face influences consumption: A comparative study of American and Chinese consumers†, International Journal of Market Research 49:2, pp.237-256. Lopez, M., Garcia, A., & Rodriguez, L. (2007). Sustainable development and corporate performance: A study based on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index. Journal of Business Ethics, 75, 285–300 Mahon JF (2002). Corporate reputation: a research agenda using strategy and stakeholder literature. Bus. Soc. 41: 415-445 McWilliams, A., & Siegel D. (2000) â€Å"Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: Correlation or misspecification?† Strategic Management Journal, 21 (5): 603-609 Peteraf, M.A. (1993), ‘The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view’. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 179-191 Roux, M. (2007). â€Å"Climate conducive to corporate action: 1 All-round Country Edition†. The Australian. Canberra, A.C.T. Secchi, D. (2007). Utilitarian, managerial and relational theories of corporate social responsibility. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9, 4, 347-373. Sun, W. (2010), How to Govern Corporations So They Serve the Public Good: A Theory of Corporate Governance Emergence, New York: Edwin Mellen, ISBN 978-0-7734-3863-7 Visser, W., D. Matten, M. Pohl, & Tolhurst N. (eds.) (2008). The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-72395-1 Waddell, S. (2000). â€Å"New institutions for the practice of corporate citizenship: Historical Intersectoral, and Developmental Perspectives†. Business and Society Review 105: 323–345   

Fire in Lord of the Flies

In the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding. one of the main elements of the plot is a fire created by the boys. While the fire's foremost purpose Is for rescue, It also represents other underlying symbolistic themes. Order is one ot the tlrst things established once the fire is built. The fire's initial purpose, to get the kids rescued, represents hope. Also, the very being of the fire represents the Idea of life. From the very beginning of the novel, Ralph is determined to keep a signal fire going, in case d ship passes near to the Island.That's all well and good, until the first signal ire the boys light begins burning out of control, and at least one boy is missing, As Piggy tells Jack, â€Å"You got your small fire all right† (2. 210). The fire thus becomes a symbol, paradoxically, of both hope of rescue and of destrucuon. Ironically, it Is because of a fire that Jack lights at the end of the novel†in his attempt to hunt and kill Ralph†that the boys are rescued. And It makes sense.If the boys' world is Justa symbol for the real world, then they're not being rescued at all: they're just going on to a larger scale of violence†to grow up into soldiers getting sent off to war. Hence, rescue equals destruction. The Signal Fire Is a representation of commonsense and rescue from immorality. When the signal tire can no longer be lit, because Jack stole Piggy's specs that light it, its beacon of hope and knowledge is no longer present to guide Ralph who must then be constantly reminded by Piggy about what Is right.The Fire s Relationship Towards Civilization. In Lord of the Flies, the fire is a main symbol through out the story. It represents amount of civilized strength left within the boys. When the fire burns stronger, it means that they are getting closer to society and when the fire Is not burning or Is eak, they too are weakening. The signal fire becomes an indicator of the boys connection to civilization. Throughout the book, t he fire is a key symbol that means not only rescue, but hope and civilization.Even the forest fire In the end of the story, that was meant to destroy, ended up being the boy s key to rescue. In the beginning of this book, one of the most Important parts is when Jack let the fire go outto go hunting. Although hunting Is not necessarily barbaric or a loss of clvlllzatlon, It Is still what leads up to the loss of civili7atiom When Ralph realizes the power of the fire nd admits that if everyone does not do their duty and cooperate in keeping the fire going, all hopes In contacting clvlllzatlon outside are shattered.The tire Is their only chance of survival and if it goes out, their destined to stay on the island forever As long as the fire Is well maintained, the boys show a desire to return to their civilization, but when the tire burns low or goes out, the boys lose sight ot their wish to be rescued, because they have accepted their barbaric lives on the island. Fire in Lord of the Fl ies By SgtBlackScorp In the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding, one of the main elements of the plot s a fire created by the boys. While the fire's foremost purpose is for rescue, it also represents other underlying symbolistic themes.Order is one of the first things represents hope. Also, the very being of the fire represents the idea of life. in case a ship passes near to the island. That's all well and good, until the first signal fire the boys light begins burning out of control, and at least one boy is missing. As symbol, paradoxically, of both hope of rescue and of destruction. Ironically, it is because of a fire that Jack lights at the end of the novel†in his attempt o hunt and kill Ralph†that the boys are rescued. And it makes sense.If the boys' world is Just a symbol for the real world, then they're not being rescued at all; they're The Signal Fire is a representation of commonsense and rescue from immorality. When the signal fire can no longer be lit, b ecause Jack stole Piggy's specs that light it, be constantly reminded by Piggy about what is right. means that they are getting closer to society and when the fire is not burning or is not only rescue, but hope and civilization. Even the forest fire in the end of the story, f this book, one of the most important parts is when Jack let the fire go out to go hunting.Although hunting is not necessarily barbaric or a loss of civilization, it is still what leads up to the loss of civilization. When Ralph realizes the power of the fire going, all hopes in contacting civilization outside are shattered. The fire is their only chance of survival and if it goes out, their destined to stay on the island forever. As long as the fire is well maintained, the boys show a desire to return to their civilization, but when the fire burns low or goes out, the boys lose sight of their wish

An Analysis of The Wild Geese essays

An Analysis of The Wild Geese essays In the early 1900's Japan and author by the name of Ogai Mori wrote a novel that reflected a realist romanticism of the late 1800's Japanese society. This novel, entitled The Wild Geese, enveloped a wide array of characters and stories that, progressively and logically congeal into one major plot. Many characters and themes were constantly introduced through Mori's simplistic clarity of style. With these themes he reflects the issues of the past society in Japan, particularly involving the treatment and honor of woman. He depicts one woman's life, Otama, and the circle of men around that intervene all in unique ways that shape her life. Through this process the author builds this passionate and ardent romanticism that diminishes completely with the closing pages of the novel. The major theme revolves mainly within the plane of realistic romanticism. Romance exists between two characters, and realism hinders their bondage. Throughout the first part of the story the author begins his story with his first person point of view. Within this narration, he reveals the first theme of romanticism. Mori reveals his character Okada, a young student, very handsome and diligently persistent. He mysteriously comes upon this lady that later transforms into a sort of discrete infatuation. It is not until further in the novel's progression that we see the woman to possess congruent affection. The author reveals this through insinuating minute proverbs of Okada. For example in the third chapter we discover Okada's thoughts on the female realm: She is the woman who makes beauty her sole aim in life so that, with perfect ease, she goes through an elaborate toilet even while the angel of death waits outside her door (Mori 20). Mori does not, in fact, blatantly disclose Okada's love for this women. Instead he positions these words as so to bestow these facts without actually physically articulating the essential fact that Okada had feeling...

Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sexuality - Essay Example In some cases, the discourses focused on the struggle between patriarchal forces and the forces of feminist responses. Thesis Although gender and sexuality tend to define categories and identities within some cultural frames of references, these discourses often get disrupted by other forces such as class, and race, which eventually determine the manner in which they are represented at individual level, group, societal and national levels. Roadmap This paper will focus on some readings and films with the objective of determining the manner in which they represent the subject of gender and sexuality. The major topics will revolve around gender, race, and class. Gender Vast amounts of literature and films explore the dynamics and challenges that are anchored on the discourses of gender and sexuality. These films and readings cover some of the dominant themes within this discourse including power, subjugation, tribulation, emancipation, cultural factors, and empowerment. Many convergent themes on the matter continue to attend to the matter including the possibility of creating structures that would redeem the oppressed gender from the systematic structural disadvantages that make it difficult for them to gain any meaningful progress within the discourse human development. Radical approaches on both feminism and patriarchy have often been attributed to the rise of gay, lesbianism, homoeroticism, bisexuals, heterosexuals, and other categories that cut across both men and women. As such, the line of demarcation has been erased to an extent that multiple possibilities could exist within the same individual. However, gender, race, and class remain the most dominant discourses that determine the gender and sexuality. Charlotte Perkin Gilman’s short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, explores the psychological tensions and damage that result from the systematic and structural oppression from the patriarchal system. The narrator is a woman who struggles from a mental con dition in a house in which her husband confines her. She observes a strange and disturbing pattern of an oppressed woman in the wallpaper. Retaining her in the house symbolizes some aspect of triumph by the patriarchal forces by retaining her to her domestic role within the expectations of the custom on gender roles. The narrator’s final act of tearing down the wallpaper symbolizes an act of defiance against the gender design that subjugates women and imprisons them within the domestic space. Gilman’s short story is comparable in theme to the film Rabbit- Proof Fence directed by Philip Noyce. The film focusses on the plight of three aboriginal girls attempt to escape from the stifling conditions imposed onto them by the captors and tormentors who want to exploit them for some higher goals of social transformation. In this film, the three young girls are not defined in any terms larger than their sexuality and gender. Their captors intend to train them to be future hous e helps for the white people. They also hope that the girls would eventually get married to the white community in order to erase rid the aboriginal community of the â€Å"impure† elements. The struggle of the three girls to redeem themselves from the retrogressive social roles imposed on them underlines a deep-seated gender division that actively violates the rights and liberties of the female gender for their own private gains. Race The subjugation of women becomes even more complicated when perceived from the perspective of race.

Water pollution here in wisconsin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Water pollution here in wisconsin - Essay Example It is also to be noted that higher efforts and commitments to treating waste water by the authorities and industries responsible, the ever increasing volumes of wastes from the industries and settlements overwhelm the efforts of treatment (By Amy and,Christi, para 1-6). On the other hand, weaknesses in enforcing the legal framework to curb such pollutions coupled with the compromises that result from negligence in the individual industries complicates the process and thus resulting to the ever increasing problem of contamination of water sources. In general, water protection efforts within the city suffer a myriad of issues which includes deep rooted corruption, political pressures, lack of and compromise in health standards, poor inspection and monitoring processes, ineffective riles as well as problems of increased sedimentation. The outcome of such mass pollution of the water sources within the city can be attributed to so many problems basic to which is the health complication to the residents. The discharge of contaminated water into the water sources that serve the city and the suburbs around pose a great risk to the welfare of the people within Wisconsin. Besides the aquatic life in the rivers, streams, and the lakes within the city are exposed to great risk. Fish in particular would be exposed to such risks of death from the contaminated water and this would have adverse effects not only to the populations which rely on the fish for food but also towards the economy at large (Weigel and Dale 691-708). However, the main question that remains critical is on what role the government should play in fight against water pollution within the state and the associated effects? Besides, what are exact effects of water pollution in the city with special regard to aquatic life? Finally, how does fish from contaminated water pose a health risk to the populations living