Evolution of the Human Hearing Essay

Evolution of the Human HearingIntroductionThe human ear has two major functions: ensuring body balance and sound detection. The balancing mechanism seems to have evolved earlier than the hearing mechanism. Early developing vertebrates had balancing organs, but they have no cochlea. A good example is fish. The basic function of the human ear is to sense sound. Sound is a compression of wave, which travels via a medium. For vertebrates, the medium perceived is air. Sound waves can travel through other mediums, such as water or ground. Hearing is a result of vibration of the surrounding medium that resonates parts of the body. The resonance is then transformed into electrical signals such that they can be interpreted by the human ear. The way human beings recognize sound has undergone changes since the discovery of the ear. Land vertebrates, birds, reptiles and mammals evolved primitively from amphibians, specifically the primitive fish. The formation of the inner ear started during the Devonian Period. There has been a debate whether the lateral line structure, a sensory system used to detect variations in pressure in amphibians, developed into the inner ear. Most scientists and researchers agree that the ear evolved from this lateral system. The lateral system is found beneath the skin of fish. It is a series of grooves and depressions with a group of hair cells, which lets the fish to adapt to variations in eddies and currents. According to (Duane, 1981) primitive fish possessed a simple sensory organ. The grooves evolved into the complex inner ear in vertebrates. The nerves cells in the human ear are adaptations of the earlier hair cells. In the course of evolution, a fish become more amphibious. Finally, it evolved into a land animal, which required a new sensory system to detect differences in air pressure. This was a way of improving their survival rates, such as danger recognition. According to (Clark, 2003) the Eustachian tube and the middle ear evolved from the respiratory mechanism of the fish, while the inner ear evolves from jaws. With time, the inner ear changed and developed. The part of the inner ear responsible for body balance evolved to the membrane of the oval window. The oval window is responsible for transmitting variations in air pressure. As this happened, the inner ear was growing bigger and bigger. In the fish, a tiny swell emerged in the vestibular of the ear. As the evolution progre ssed, the bulge evolved into a spiraled cochlea. This is what forms the hearing system of vertebrates. Gradually, fish evolved into amniotes, which are fully terrestrial vertebrates. Early amniotes did not have eardrums. According to (Gangestad, 2000) eardrums evolved six times in primitive amphibians, in anurans, in sysnapis, in diapsids (lizards, dinosaurs, and bids), in anapsids (turtles and its relatives), in reptiliomorphs and in temsnospondyls. According to paleontologists, our earliest ancestors breathed through their ears. According to (Gangestad, 2000) tubes that form the middle ear developed from gill-like structures that allowed sea creatures to breathe from back of their heads. Another study was done by ( Anthwal, 2012) which sought to examine 370-million-year old fossils, Panderichthyts. This is an immediate species between the amniotes and fish. The study reveals that Panderichthys had tiny bones in its skull that appeared similar to the early analogues of the gill system and the ear canals. The study suggests the canals are the ones which developed into true ears. This occurred after Panderichtys’s ancestors had become air breathers, freeing up their former gills structures for sensory functions. The study plays a critical role in understanding the evolution of the human ear. Our ability to ear relies on structures, which started as a gill opening in a fish, the study reveals. Human and all other vertebrates have special bones in the ear responsible for hearing. Ancient fish relied on the same structures to breath while in water. The study further argues that the human ear into a complex structure after animals established themselves on land. To draw valid conclusions, the study compared the fossil with its close cousin of the first land animals. In another fossil, Eustenopteron, a discovery of a small bone called hyomandibula was made. The bone later on developed a kink and blocked the gill opening. Furthermore, in early land animals like tetrapods Acanthostega, the bone receded, forming a larger opening. This is now a part of the middle ear in all vertebrates, including humans. A close study of the Panderichthys fossil offers scientists a crucial missing link between the ea rs and fish gill openings. According to (Anthwal, 2102) the characteristics are much more like those of tetrapods; there is no longer kink but the spiracle is widened and opened up. He found out that the hydomandibula is shorter, but rod-like in Eustenopteron. Another study of a hominid that was discovered in South Africa confirms that the human ear has undergone several changes. The fossil dated 1.9 million years was found to have several bones which are found on the modern human ear. However, the bones were not exactly the same. Three ear bones were identified. The malleus appeared to be human-like while the stapes and the incus appeared to resemble those of Chimpanzees. The study asserts that since the malleus of our early ancestors looks similar to ours, the changes of the bone must have occurred during our evolutionary history. The discovery is important in two ways. First, it suggests that ear ossicles are adult-sized and fully-formed at birth, but do not change in our lifetime. Second, the bones show that the hearing ability of ancient creatures was very different from that of modern humans. This is not necessarily, better or worse. But certainly, the hearing capability was different (Texas University, 2013). Following the discussion presented above, it can be noted that the human ear underwent several stages of evolution. The studies presented above clearly shows that the hearing capability of ancient creatures was different from that of modern humans. In addition to this, it can be noted that the human ear evolved from a simple gill structure all through jaw bones of a reptile. The following diagram summarizes our discussion. Diagram Adapted from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_05References Anthwal N. (2012). â€Å"Evolution of the mammalian middle ear and jaw: adaptations and novel structures†. Journal of Anatomy 221 (1): 1–96. Clark, A. G. (2003). Inferring nonneutral evolution from human-chimp-mouse orthologous gene trios. Science, 302(5652), 1960-1963. Duane T. Gish, â€Å"The Mammal-like Reptiles,† Impact, no. 102, December 1981. Gangestad, S. W. (2000). The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism. Behavioral and brain sciences, 23(04), 573-587.Texas A&M University. (2013, May 13). Prehistoric ear bones could lead to evolutionary answers. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 22, 2014 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130513174048.htm Source document

Mobile Security and Why it’s important

Commonplace so developers had to build in security from the start†¦. Storing surnames and passwords in plain text on the device is a rookie mistake. † (Prince, 2010) Rooting and Jail breaking is a process where users tamper with a device allowing them to bypass any restrictions that were put on the phone to prevent the end user from having access. After rooting or Jail breaking a device the user obtains superset access rights. These rights allow for full control and customization which also makes the device more susceptible to attack. (Hang, Wright & Samurai's, 2014) Security And Why It's DifficultAlthough security is an important factor in development it is sometimes hard to get developers to focus on security. Competitive pressure to deliver more functionality at a lower cost is one force that works against improving security. Grabbing market share as soon as possible also slow developers urge to improve security. (Halibut, Voss, Miller, 2011, p. 10) Many Application Dev elopers are most concerned in an app being secure enough to not bring their system down. Therefore, fixing the security of APS is somewhat challenging. Recent reports show that up to 80% of APS fail to employ with security standards.Using data fertilization will keep devices that are lost or stolen from leaking valuable data. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives' Office of Science and Technology are preparing to begin its own development of mobile APS for use by employees that would be more secure than APS available to the public. (Curran, 2012) Security, What Can Be Done Mobile application security should not simply focus on data and applications. Mobile platforms are used in various new settings and impact users in ways that could never apply to a PC.An attacker could compromise systems connected to mobile devices through vulnerabilities identified at any point (Line, Hang, Wright, Samurai's, 2014, p. 22) Some researchers focus on analysis, detection and evaluat ion of malicious applications while others focus on designs meant to improve data security. Controlling permission usage or isolating the execution environment is two examples of such. (Hang, Wright & Samurai's, 2014) Fortunately, the UN-trusted entry points to an application are limited to the particular platform features you choose to use and are secured in a consistent way.Android applications do not have a simple main function that always gets called when they start. Instead, their initial entry points are based on registering Activities, Services, Broadcast Receivers or Content Providers with the system (Burns, 2008, p. 5) Developers should assume that an attacker will install the device on their phone and then be able to inspect the application. By Jail breaking their phone it allows the attacker to retrieve the actual code making it easy for them to plan their attack. (Prince, 2010) Information leakage must be curtailed during the architecture phase and managed with strict co ntrols in plowmen. Rouse, 2009, p 44) Developers need not only consider how to keep users data safe but to deal with power usage and memory consumption. You cannot allow mallard to access your applications special permissions. (Burns, 2008) In conclusion, Security for mobile devices is something users and developers need to take more seriously. Developers must understand that making sure an application is great is top priority but security for those applications can be Just as important. Should there be more strict submission rules for security to force developers to make security a priority?Mobile Application Developers Face Security Challenges. Retrieved August 28, 2014. Rouse, March 23, 2009, Securing Mobile Applications Illuminating Mobile Threats, HTTPS://www. Spas. Org/index. PH? Title=The_future_of_mobile:_developing_secure_mobile_applications=57231 Appendix A: Critical Thinking Six Steps Used to Draft Your Paper Compose your reflections below. Attitude towards this assignmen t. I was overwhelmed at first but I took a breath and just followed the suggested path in the instructions for the assignment. Step 2. Focus on the accuracy of the assumptions and conclusions.I followed the assignment instructions and highlighted them on my printed out sheet as I completed each necessary step. Step 3. Break the problems into workable parts. I broke this into easily tackled parts by following each step of the instructions. I would worry about each section at a time and tried to keep my mind off the length of the entire paper and Just worked on each section as necessary and then move onto the next. Good strategy. Step 4. Do not guess or Jump to conclusions. I printed out the material for Unit 5 Assignment and highlighted as each step was completed.I used the grading criteria to hopefully achieve a distinguished grade. Step 5. Employ meaningful self-dialogue throughout the process, including written or drawn prompts as well as spoken words. I printed out my previous â €Å"draft† from Unit 4 and further organized the information, expanding on this information also. I highlighted all referenced material to make sure I did not use the information in more than one section. I also made a lot of notes on the Unit 5 assignment instructions making sure not to forget all that I needed to do. I have a copy of this assignment open as well as to not forget the instructions.Great strategies! Step 6. Briefly describe what it felt like to go through the process. I enjoy going through the critical thinking process. It really helps me slow down and do things one at a time. Highlighting each step as I complete it and using the grading charts have really helped me in this course to not only know what is expected of me to get a distinguished grade but also so that I do not leave out vital information or miss important steps. 0 Appendix B: Critical Thinking Six Steps Used to Revise Your Paper (Unit 6) Step 1. Demonstrate a positive attitude toward solving a pr oblem.I tried to keep a positive attitude throughout this research paper. I became a little frustrated after reading my peer reviews. I wasn't sure that some of the suggestions I received were good. I calmed down and Just decided to ask. Step 2. Focus on the accuracy of the assumptions and conclusions. I was unsure about some of the suggestions that were given to me by my peers because of instructions that were given to us. I make sure to read all instructions and know that I'm doing what I'm supposed to but I didn't want to completely throw my peers suggestions out so I wanted to make sure and asked.Step 3. Break the problems into workable parts. I broke this assignment into workable sections by picking one thing to focus on then going to the next. For example I started by reading everyone's feedback. I then broke it up and went through my paper first, fixing any spelling mistakes. Next I fixed any citation mistakes that needed corrected. I went over my paper several times working I did not guess or Jump to conclusions. I read all instructions more than once to make sure I was doing what I was supposed to. When I was unsure of a peer's suggestions I asked. Step 5.Employ meaningful self-dialogue throughout the process, including written or drawn prompts as well as spoken words. I printed out all feedback and wrote myself notes accordingly. I highlighted all adjustments/notes as I completed them to make sure I didn't forget anything. Step 6. Briefly describe what it felt like to go through the process. I thoroughly enjoy using the critical thinking process. It helps me to ensure Vie done what is expected of me to get a good grade and understand exactly what I'm doing. Instructions when you are finished finalizing your paper for Unit 6, assignment 1 :

Application Of Nano Medicine In Various Fields Of Medicine

There isnt generally any area of medicine which couldnt benefit by the upsides of nano technology. The usage of nano materials enable imaging with an upgraded three-dimensional view by strategies for which particular sorts of tissue can be isolated more viably and the measure of distinction medium required can be reduced essentially. Characteristics, nucleic acids, proteins, particles and cell strategies can be distinctively changed electronically and optically with the guide of quantum spots, i.e. nanoparticles of semiconductor valuable stones. These photo probes convey brilliance 1,000 times more imperative than that of customary many-sided quality media and can be contrastingly balanced electronically and optically in light of their colossal security and brightness. The desires and wants for the characteristic potential results of nano medicine pivot around early distinguishing proof of ailments and inherited mentalities at the nuclear level with the guide of fundamental and effic ient quick tests and correct imaging techniques. Researchers are tackling instruments which are advantageous and decentralized and which require only the humblest measures of test for conclusion. The to an awesome degree downsized lab-on-a-chip technique fundamental for this is correct, efficient and of little weight to the patient. It can be used as a piece of the experts preparation and specialists offices and for keeping the spread of powerful diseases. Scientists are hopeful that nanotechnology applications will progress existing and develop new pharmaceuticals and systems for checking, controlling and assuaging diseases. Falsely made vaccinations against powerful illnesses and invulnerable framework contaminations, solutions can be taken by essentially taking in and more profitable possible pharmaceuticals of cardiovascular infections will be available. Creative work is going on centered transport of dynamic substances, affirmation of which is in every way possible now with the guide of nanotechnology. Biocompatible, round nano materials (for example polymers, liposomes or micelles) can be used as transporting administrators. Such vehicles in the unfilled inner parts of which dynamic substances can be transported and the surfaces of which can be furnished with sensors which perceive compound states or cell composes, diseases and distinctive pathogens add themselves to these and can release the dynamic substances to the target with out the including tissue being hurt. Nano medicine for early diagnosis of cancer One of the essential cause of deaths worldwide is cancer which accounts to 7.6 million persons (around 13 % everything being equivalent) in 2008.Countries of Western World and in the US are standing up to progressively the extended risk of development, which ought to be the second driving explanation behind death after heart-attack. There will be 15 million new occasions of tumor worldwide in 2020 as demonstrated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Most of the tumor related deaths occur by the spread of debilitating danger cells to major organs by a method called metastasis. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology associations are impacting package of research intrigues remembering the true objective to accommodate specific prescriptions that can pound fundamental and discretionary tumors, i.e. which result from metastasis to various organs. Nano technology in cancer treatment is currently a reality giving a huge variety of new instruments and potential results, from earlier restorative distinguishing strength and improved imaging to common, more capable, and more centered around medications. Development biomarkers are markers made by tumor cells spreading in the body and are typically used for malady acknowledgment which are at any rate introduce in too low obsessions to be successfully recognized in beginning times. Coordinated transport of specific nanoparticles into these tumor cells can start an area correspondence with illness cells which urges them to inside and out grow the production of these biomarkers. In like manner area ends up being therefore significantly less complex with biomarkers and can give an earlier investigation to authorities than biopsies. Ideal area of tumor allows brisk and less troublesome medicines moreover extending the chances of recovery. Appealing properties of iron oxide nanoparticles attach amazingly well to the tumors and make them appropriate imaging authorities with MRI-checks whereas their size and obsession in the tumor enable a high assurance and an exact mapping of wounds. Authorities would in this way have the capacity to rely upon thusly to pick and pick the cautious clearing of the tumor. Treating threat by show chemotherapy medicines or characteristics allows considerably more confined movement diminishing basically the measure of solutions devoured by the patient for ascend to influence and the responses on the incorporating strong tissues in the body. By nano medicine system nanoparticles can be implanted into the tumor and after that be established to make warm and pulverize danger cells either by appealing fields, X-pillars or light. Nano medicine for fighting diabetes Notwithstanding the way that diabetes is never again considered as a risky illness after the disclosure of insulin treatment it is up till now considered the fifth most typical explanation behind death in the U K. likewise diabetes is a disorder which significantly impacts patients close to home fulfillment and can even provoke genuine helper afflictions for instance visual debilitation and neuropathies. Nowadays two examples related to diabetes are conspicuous: An electrifying addition in the amount of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus t2dm a lifestyle and chubbiness related brokenness of glucose control The disease is as of now happening in earlier ages generally in the midst of pre-adulthood or from time to time in the midst of youthfulness while in the past it affected primarily the old people. Immature diabetes or type 1 diabetes t1dm is caused in light of the insusceptible framework induced complete decimation of insulin-conveying beta-cells in the exocrine organ. The drugs available at present require dependable imbuements of exogenous insulin a couple of times every day. Notwithstanding what may be normal starting time of t2dm can be managed by changes in eat less carbs by physical exercise and by drugs putting off the glucose take-up in blood. The different imbuements of insulin in late t2dm after weariness/pummeling of the beta cells and in t1dm impact patients close to home fulfillment since it is long meddlesome horrifying and along these lines basically striving for the youngsters. What’s more it doesn’t allow complete control over the glucose level which in the most negative situation can provoke neurologic or vascular issue. For a drawn-out period of time the principal look into in the fight against diabetes has in light of the progress of upgraded non-meddling watching and hormone association and furthermore the transplantation of islets in pancreas without invulnerable covering in t1dm-affected children. The use of nanotechnologies to decide therapeutic issues can give promising advances to help the individual fulfillment of diabetes patients. Acting at the nano scale with structures that are generally 10-100 times tinier than a body’s cell yet hardly greater than particles makes possible the treatment of this polygenic sickness at the sub-nuclear level. For instance ponder on the transport of hypoglycemic pro as nanoparticles inside the nose or into the lungs as a sprinkle or through the gastrointestinal tract as a pill are at the same time. In both the cases non-prominent and easy application courses are opened by crafted by nanoparticles. Furthermore tests are correct presently being driven o n nano materials worked with a glucose responsive covering which may go about as an insulin storeroom once mixed under the skin. Nano-based imaginative sensor systems are in like manner under research with the purpose of upgrading non-prominent or less meddlesome seeing of glucose level in the blood. As for a more present approach is a glucose-fragile tattoo. Likewise new safe protective nano-coatings can postpone the survival of transplanted pancreatic channels and guarantee them against the autoantibodies in t1dm patients. This approach concentrating on t1dm patients would enable them to experience a presence without safe suppressive drug. The desperation of continuous systems to fight this polygenic issue which transforms into a pandemic ailment and end up to an imperative shorter future 10 years in t2dm >20 years for t1dm and to high expenses for prosperity structures is unquestionable. Novel systems using moved nanotechnologies can deal with this test and will therefore be one of the key research subjects in the forthcoming EU framework program.

Technology and Training Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Technology and Training Systems - Essay Example customers are increasingly making unique and unpredictable product demands and most of them want the products of services that are right for them instantly. I realized that predicting customer demands and articulating product specifications are becoming very difficult, and; hence, Wal-Mart needs to recruit employees with relevant technological requirements who can adapt to the dynamic product changes in order to enhance their productivity. They also need to institute stable processes that employees can use the rapid and unpredictable technological changes taking place in the world today (Fishman, 2007). This will, in turn, allow the company to build stable and flexible platforms of process capabilities on a continuing basis, and; thus, enhance the employee’s technological knowledge and increase process efficiency, which are clear indicators of a stable process of change. Wal-Mart will also need to design training systems in order to increase competency and productivity of empl oyees. These training systems will help reduce the cost of creating new and varied products by establishing a stable efficient platform of capabilities (Dreher & Dougherty, 2001). Thus, they will need to put in place training systems that enable employees handle a greater variety and range of customer and market needs. Wal-Mart will have to enhance its response to market transformations by both business and information systems staff by creating systems that can be amalgamated and integrated across changing products and markets Wal-Mart’s current staffing system focuses on four key characteristics in assessing employees’ skill potential namely attitude, aptitude, applicability and experience. In assessing attitude, the characteristics required by each employee are a team player, empathy,... Wal-Mart will also need to design training systems in order to increase competency and productivity of employees. These training systems will help reduce the cost of creating new and varied products by establishing a stable efficient platform of capabilities. Thus, they will need to put in place training systems that enable employees to handle a greater variety and range of customer and market needs. Wal-Mart will have to enhance its response to market transformations by both business and information systems staff by creating systems that can be amalgamated and integrated across changing products and markets.Wal-Mart’s current staffing system focuses on four key characteristics in assessing employees’ skill potential namely attitude, aptitude, applicability, and experience. In assessing attitude, the characteristics required by each employee are a team player, empathy, patience and an active listener. The staff is also required to be professional, resourceful, polite, c ourteous, friendly, helpful and persevering. Aptitude entails the ability by staff to learn new skills, retain them and integrate them with the old ones. Applicability is the ability for staff to apply knowledge and skills to appropriate use, sharing this knowledge and skills with others, and foreseeing new areas where these skills may apply. In terms of experience, Wal-Mart considers the number of year’s experience an employee has in a given skill, whether it is up to date and the degree of variation of the experience.

BUS475 Final Strategic Plan and Presentation Essay

BUS475 Final Strategic Plan and Presentation - Essay Example Regardless of the business type established; it is pertinent to appreciate the two fundamental components of strategic planning, i.e. long-term objectives and the all-inclusive strategy.These objectives and strategies help management to predefine organizational objectives. Long-term objectives refer to results the organization seeks to attain over a certain period, for instance, a five-year period. Grand strategies, on the other hand, are the thorough approaches that guide organizational actions aimed at meeting the long-term objectives The establishment of these objectives and targets centers on the firm’s mission, values and vision. Some notable strategies that enable the achievement of HBR’s goals and managing the changing environment include the following: Financial Strategies The spa’s main objective is to become the preferential spa where customers go to enhance their natural beauty. HBR also aims at increasing its market share by at least 9-12% in the next two years while also operating on high revenue and low costs. HBR will establish tactics to provide a balance between its income and expenditure. HRB will base its calculation of the preferred profits on the evaluation of desire and price percentiles of profit. HBR will use the strategy of return on investment to maximize the use of financial resources and reduce expenses efficiently. Technology Strategies In keeping up with modern technologies, the spa will achieve its objectives in an effectual manner. The firm will continually upgrade and appreciate the latest software information technologies that have immense impacts of the beauty industry. These technologies will help HBR to share accurate and timely information with all stakeholders. Some vital information technologies, which HBR will have, include intranet networking, the Internet, e-mail, fax, telephones and mobile phones. IT strategies ensure HBR provides services to its clients throughout the day. Technologically, the sp a will position itself strategically by having the latest online reservation and payment services for busy professionals (Wilson & Gilligan, 2005). Marketing Strategies HBR’s marketing objective is to generate awareness of the spa and cater for persons with the desire to be pampered and rejuvenate their innate beauty. HBR aims at offering the best possible beauty experiences to its customers to ensure high referrals. HBR intends to be a magnet for both middle and high income earners by providing tailored packages to suit their demands and financial abilities (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2008). These individuals may opt for the complete beauty package that includes a full seaweed body scrub, facial, manicure, pedicure and makeup application or one or two of these services. Irrespective of the package clients choose; HBR will offer its clients the best possible services with the utmost professionalism. HBR will use promotional programs such as gift cards at subsidized rates, adv ertising, especially in social media sites and malls, online marketing and print and electronic media. The firm will also offer complimentary facials to all new clients to retain them for the long term. Monitoring and Controlling In HBR, the implementation of strategic plans is extremely vital since control and monitoring are essential to the accuracy of the strategic implementation plan. Some crucial monitoring and controlling tools include the following: 1. Development Behavioral Control System is crucial to the exemplary performance of HBR’s strategic plan. HBR will monitor its operating procedure, standards, rules and regulations. HBR will control the implementation of policies guarding ethical and legal frameworks and human resources. This control program is viable in ascertaining the relation between the activities of HBR and the outcomes (Wilson & Gilligan, 2005). 2. Development of a quality control system is also an effective monitoring and

Enhancing Communication through Intensive Interaction Essay

Enhancing Communication through Intensive Interaction - Essay Example As the discussion stresses  disabilities in communication and learning have become an important issue since the beginning of the 18th century. Learning disability is the failure to communicate with society and which in turn allow the protagonist  to live within a  rigid circle of interaction, understand things etc. These sorts of problem have been identified both in children and in adults. Special studies, theories and teaching styles are now in practise among the teachers and the parents.This study discusses that categorising people who have severe learning and communicating difficulties and analyzing the aspect of successful communication through Intensive Interaction is one of the key concepts insisted by many theorists of today, such as Nind, Hewett, M.J.Connor etc . Learning disability does not always arise out of common inborn factors such as a deaf, dumb, or blind. However, these factors might also lead to learning difficulties. There are other factors such as the enviro nment factor and neurological problems contribute a lot to these issues. The lack of ability to listen, to speak, to read, to write , to spell, and the most important the lack of ability to rationally look into things contribute a lot for the psychological failure of a person. Intensive interaction, has been implemented with the a deep intension to help the disabled in at least achieve a partial understanding and communication between the disables and the society.

General statistic Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

General statistic - Statistics Project Example Formula used for cumulative frequency calculations is Relative Frequency The relative frequency of the distribution shows the largest share of frequencies lies in the age groups of 21-22 and 22-23. The relative frequency also depicts that the majority share of the students lie in the middle age groups Class Boundaries The class boundaries are calculated to be .05 from the class limits. The Mean, Median and Mode The class boundaries and data for the calculations of mean, median and mode have been represented in the table below No. of students F Student ages Class boundaries X (F)*(X) 1 17-17.9 16.95-17.95 17.45 17.45 5 18-18.9 17.95-18.95 18.45 92.25 15 19-19.9 18.95-19.95 19.45 291.75 19 20-20.9 19.95-20.95 20.45 388.55 22 21-21.9 20.95-21.95 21.45 471.9 21 22-22.9 21.95-22.95 22.45 471.45 14 23-23.9 22.95-23.95 23.45 328.3 3 24-24.9 23.95-24.95 24.45 73.35 ?F = 100 2135 Figure ii Mean The mean is calculated from the table to be Mean = = 21.35 The mean suggests that the average of th e data lies at the age of 21.35. Median Here, the number of observations ?F= n=100 This is an even number, so the median is average of (n / 2) th and (n / 2 + 1)th Observations I.e. average of ( 100 / 2 )th and [(100 / 2) + 1]th observation. I.e. average of 50th and 51st observations. Where l = lower limit of median class C.F = cumulative frequency of class prior to median class. f = frequency of median class. h = class size. Median= = 21.4 Mode The mode of a data is the value that has maximum number of frequency. Where: l = lower limit of modal class f1 = frequency of modal class fm = frequency of class preceding the modal class. f2 = frequency of class succeeding the modal class h=class size Here the modal class is of age groups 21-22. Hence,... The mean, median and mode are close to each other, this represents a normal frequency distribution. The close values of mean and median depict the data to be a normal distribution, if the median and mean were far apart that would have meant that the data with the higher value of F*X is dominating the average. But since the median and mean are close together this shows neither the higher nor lower frequencies are affecting the data nor the data average is independent of the extreme end values of the distribution. The graph that shows the frequency distribution is shown below. The graph clearly predicts a normal distribution of frequency that is the age groups of Middle Ages 20-23 have the highest frequencies, and the frequencies fall at either side of the midpoint. The trend line follows a normal bell curve shape. The conclusion can be deduced from looking at the results is that most of the students in a university starting their university at the ages of 19. A few students who excel at school or high school level are granted leaps in their grades and start the university at an earlier age. That is why there are a small group of students in the age category of 17-18. In addition, the age group of 24 and above indicates students who have been relegated in semesters or have started their university at a later age. But looking at the relative frequency they only form 3% of the total specimen. So the majority of the students are normal students who start university at the age of 19 and end up at the age of 23.

Adaptive E-commerce system Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Adaptive E-commerce system - Literature review Example Most of these differences arise with differing framework of what e-commerce constitutes. For example quote (year) looked at e-commerce from the perspective of buying and selling and stated that e-commerce covers all industries where the processes of buying and selling is performed over electronic systems. Quote (year) on the other hand viewed e-commerce from the perspective of what is done with a company’s website. To this end, all activities that promoted the regulation of business, whether it involved selling and buying or not formed e-commerce. Examples of such activities were named to include optimization of traffic from search engines, generation of sales and interaction with customers through an online platform. Regardless of the differences in framework for defining e-commerce however, there is one thing that runs through and that is the fact that some level of business that takes place over an electronic medium. As part of the purpose of the study, the literature review is being conducted as a major secondary data collection exercise that will be used to collect data to address the specific objectives. From the background of the study, it would be noted that there is great regard for adaptive e-commerce. This means that the researcher shall approach the literature from a perspective that limits the scope of review to adaptive e-commerce system. This is because of the position held by the researcher that even though e-commerce as a generalised concept of modern business has the potential of opening great doors for companies, there is the need to optimise the outputs of e-commerce. By optimisation, reference is being made to any creative process that ensures that service users are able to have an advantage on the use of e-commerce over their competitors. Meanwhile, quote (year) made claim to the effect that with the competitiveness of the modern global

NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT - Essay Example ject is dependent on the markets expectations and changing preferences, to introduce a new idea, the company should look at time as a scarce resource. What the new product development manager can do is to look at the whole process and see what to cut down without compromising the quality of the product. For instance, if the new product entails smaller risk, the test marketing can be done on a smaller and shorter scale so as to cut down on time to deliver the product to the market without cutting down on the value that will be provided to the consumer. Also, the new product development manager can utilize simultaneous product development which utilized cross-functional planning. This will cut down on the time it takes to pass on from one process to another because all the involved functions will be part of the planning process. The new product development manager can significantly cut down on time it takes from idea generation to launching the product to the market. For new product development, financial budget is one of the crucial factors that can determine the success of a new project. As new projects in terms of overall research throughout the process can be costly, not enough budget is one of the challenges that a new product development manager can experience. It is very usual that the whole project has an initial budget as included by the company. However, since these are new projects that are supported by new technology, those budgets are usually the best estimates of those who are involved. Midway through the project, the new product development manager will learn that the costs are significantly different from the estimates, and that the budget that has initially been set, usually by the top management is insufficient. Due to certain management policies and corporate politics, revision and application for a new budget to be approved is usually a problem. Thus, a new product manager could be left with what was initially planned, and decide to pursue or

Summary of complexity and contradition in architecture Essay

Summary of complexity and contradition in architecture - Essay Example This is because Venturi’s main argument stated that natural rules to the entire architectural domain are able to be realized through rational thinking (Venturi & Museum of Modern Art, 2007). Venturi uses political interest and debates that arose from the enlightenment of philosophers. Optimism is the greatest concern expressed by Venturi  in this text claiming, â€Å"Everything is for the best in all possible worlds.† Therefore, despite all the hardships that Venturi  goes through, he believes in God’s proclamation and trust in him sees his dream come true at the end. The expressive nature is in a reductively simplified version of the philosopher’s whom Venturi  went to seek advice from when overwhelm about his true destiny. Even Venturi  endures disappointment of his previous feelings about successfully overcoming the stress he was enduring. The architecture employed in Venturi’s argument was a vast asset for fostering the American intellect and administrating the state and republic. According to Venturi’s argument, Monticello will be grounded on the limitless liberty of humanity. He also thought that a reasonable system of or der administrated the natural world, and by applying scientific policies, man’s condition could be greatly

Vulnerable Populations Essay Example for Free

Vulnerable Populations Essay All communities contain a mentally ill population. Their behavior is considered to be inappropriate and abnormal. Every society has cultivated solutions in which to treat the mentally ill in order to prevent disruption of the strong civil function. Normal behavior varies through generations and societies. When deciding if a person is mentally ill, the generation and culture must be taken into consideration. Approximately 26 percent of the U.S. population suffers from mental illness, with six percent of that percentage suffering from such debilitating mental afflictions that their ability to function is limited. The History of Mental Illness In ancient times, mental illness was thought to be madness caused by demonic possession. Skulls of the â€Å"mad† were drilled to allow the demon to escape. During the middle ages, mental illness was believed to be the result of witchcraft and demonic control. The tormented were treated as criminals and subject to torturous acts. They were often tied up and thrown into bitterly cold waters. If the person floated, they were considered to be a witch and were murdered in an inhumane and heinous manner. If the suspected sunk, they were found not guilty of witchcraft. The freezing water was accepted as a cure for â€Å"madness.† By the mid 1700’s, mental illness was considered an issue for the afflicted’s family. As the American colonies grew, the mentally ill began to negatively impact the society. Almshouses were used to board the mentally ill. Specialized hospitals were constructed for the â€Å"insane.† Mistreatment and abuse of the mentally ill were common and continued through the 19th century. â€Å"Moral treatment† of the mentally ill began in the 18th century when Phillipe Pinel discovered 5,000 patients chained to walls and released them. Dorthea Dix was a U.S. social activist who made an appeal to the Massachusetts State Legislature for more humane and benevolent care of the mentally ill in asylums. Dix’s plea accrued  regulated conditions in asylums. Most asylums and almshouses were obsolete by the beginning of the 20th century. State psychiatric institutions became the chief means of serving the mentally ill. However, reports of abuse and neglect in state hospitals were prevalent. In 1900, Clifford Beers, a privileged businessman, suffered a nervous breakdown after a family catastrophe. He was admitted to numerous mental hospitals and each was abusive and defamatory. In 1908, Beers penned his autobiography A Mind that Found Itself. The book discusses his mental deterioration as well as the mental and physical abuse he endured in the hospitals. Beers’ book was the catalyst for the founding of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene (Presently the National Mental Health Association) which created mission goals, such as improved doctoring, advocacy, and minimizing the negative stereotypes of the mentally ill. The Community Mental Health Centers Act was passed in 1963. This act focused on the maintenance and issue prevention through outpatient care. Patients were released from state hospitals and treated by community facilities. This act began the process of deinstitutionalization in the United States. The Nature of the Social Problems or Issues Experienced Deinstitutionalization released thousands of mentally ill patients from psychiatric hospitals into the streets. The majority of these hospitals were shut down, which led to the difficult transition from long-term care to short-term hospital visits. Those with no family or support system were left with nowhere to go and forced to live on the streets. The government approximates that 20 to 30 percent of the United States homeless population suffer from severe mental illness. If this estimate were to include clinical depression and substance abusers, the numbers would climb to a staggering 50 to 80 percent. There are many problems trying to get the mentally ill and homeless of the streets. They have the right to refuse treatment and unfortunately many of them do. Other obstacles that prevent the mentally ill and homeless population from receiving adequate care is the lack of government assistance, such as Medicaid and Medicare, to help pay for treatment. Many severely mentally ill men and women are so disoriented, paranoid, and confused that they are unable to participate in client/psychologist services. Another barrier is the firm participation  requirements administered by mental health facilities. Severely mentally ill clients may find it difficult to abide by the rules. In order to remain in housing assistance programs, participants must remain sober which also poses a problem for many of the mentally ill who are plagued with substance abuse disorders. The criminalization of the mentally ill has become a large issue in the United States. The U.S. Department of Justice reports that 8 to 17 percent of the prison population suffers from mental illness. The National Alliance on Mental Illness reports that 40 percent of the mentally ill population will commit a crime at some point. Demographics, Common Clinical Issues, and Intervention Strategies Mental illness does not discriminate. It affects all races, social classes and religions. The only difference is that those in a higher social class are able to receive better care. Studies show that minorities receive poor mental health treatment because of the underrepresentation of certain ethnicities in the mental health field and the refusal of mental health care by certain cultures. People suffering from mental illness may seek help by directly going to a specialist or by seeking assistance from a mental health agency. Mental health experts must be able to diagnose the frequent symptoms and evidence of mental illness in a client. The method for diagnosing mental illness in the United States is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). This method is disputed by many professionals because it treats mental illness as a diagnosis of a disease rather than focusing on a person’s strengths to obtain wellness. Axis I of the DSM-IV-TR includes clinical disorders such as bipolar, clinical depression, substance abuse issues. They are treated with psychotropic medications and psychotherapy. Axis II consists of personality disorders and mental retardation. Many professionals feel that people suffering from Axis II illnesses are resistant to treatment. Many mental health professional view those suffering from mental illness as â€Å"broken† and ill. These beliefs can limit the potential of the mentally afflicted. A different strategy some mental health professionals are taking is using the Strength Perspective. This plan of action requires the practitioner to focus on a client’s successes and advantages rather than promoting their shortcomings. Other intervention strategies include insight counseling which allows clients to create coping skills to help them deal with their mental health issues. Group counseling allows clients to gain support and  friendship from those suffering from the same mental afflictions. Psychotropic medication can alleviate mentally crippling symptoms and Psychiatric rehabilitation aides low functioning clients in obtaining the basic living skills. Future Interventions The United States has encountered many modifications throughout the last 50 years. The mental health profession will undoubtedly undergo many more changes in the years to come. Human Service Professionals are the future of mental health. They continuously crusade for augmented funding and strive to develop new intervention and counseling strategies tailored to the intricate and complex needs of the mentally ill population. Experts and scientists continuously work to create advancements in medications that will remove all debilitating effects of severe mental illness. References Martin, M.C. (2011). Introduction to Human Services: Through the Eyes of Practice Settings (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon Publishing. A future vision of mental health. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.newvisionformentalhealth.org.uk/A_future_vision_for_mental_health.pdf Leupo, K. (n.d.). The history of mental illness. Retrieved from http://www.toddlertime.com/advocacy/hospitals/Asylum/history-asylum.htm

The Waste Land Essay Example for Free

The Waste Land Essay T. S Eliot’s The Wasteland, whilst being laden with rich cultural references and allusions, is a confronting representation of re-establishment and rejuvenation across the entirety of a European post-war society. Eliot addresses the cyclical nature of life and death, encompassed by carefully crafted language and structure designed to disorientate the reader. The reader is offered an interpretation of human behaviour which is akin to all beings across the cohort of society, regardless of ethnicity or social class. There is realism to Eliot’s poetry that is confronting and unflinching, perhaps disturbing at times. While his poems are often filled with harsh imagery – imagery of death, despair and degredation –they are often indicative of his own perceptions of the changing environment around him during his time of writing, and are therefore somewhat genuine and personal. The Waste Land attempts to explore the necessity of rejuvenation in a society that Eliot considers to be tarnished and displaced, and has thus created a delicate balance between portraying a war-torn society where â€Å"the dead tree gives no shelter† and â€Å"the dry stone no sound of water†, and communicating the idea of renewal. As the poem progresses, references to season accumulate, and the reader is given a sense of cyclical, passing time. The reader is given anecdotes set in distinctly different seasons, whether they be â€Å"under the brown fog of a winter dawn†, or â€Å"[listening to] the sound of horns, which shall bring Mrs. Porter in the spring†. Such references remind the reader of two things; time is passing throughout the poem, and life is ephemeral, as can be seen in the dialogue: â€Å"That corpse you planted last year in your garden, Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year? † A similar method is implemented by Eliot in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, where the prime focus of the poem is the passing of time and the complications that arise from its influence. Furthermore, The Waste Land draws on a wide range of cultural reference to depict a modern world that is in ruins yet somehow beautiful and deeply meaningful. Languages such as German, French and Latin are implemented alongside abrupt and unannounced changes of speaker, location and time, in order to convey the idea that there are no exemptions to Eliot’s interpretation of common human qualities and experiences. Conversely, social class is also explored – in part II of The Waste Land, â€Å"A Game of Chess†, Eliot juxtaposes a lower-class bar conversation with satire of the opulent, while endorsing – via the comparison of the two – the idea that sexual fulfilment is a critical element in feeling valuable and secure in the society depicted. Indeed, it was Eliot’s opinion at the time that too much emphasis was placed on the importance of fertility, aesthetic appeal and marital security – an idea which is also explored in Portrait of a Lady through the satirical portrayal of a fussing woman, who is described as sitting in â€Å"an atmosphere of Juliet’s tomb†. It could perhaps be considered that Eliot’s prime objective during the early years of his poetry was to paint a picture of the uncertainty and social decay that resulted from the aftermath of WW1 and perhaps even the from the end of the Edwardian era. Consequently, readers must look upon his unpoetic diction and lexicon and remember that he is attempting to create a new type of poetry which reflects the complexity of modern living. Often the sincerity and detailed imagery in Eliot’s work results from a lot of his speakers being vessels through which he expresses himself. It has been speculated that ‘J. Alred Prufrock’ and the speaker of Rhaspsody share the same concerns and characteristics as Eliot; often being solitary, neurasthenic, overly intellectual, and utterly incapable of expressing themselves to the modern complexity of the outside world.

The Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971

The Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971 India Pakistan War 1971 also known as Bangladesh Liberation War was as armed conflict between India and East Pakistan against West Pakistan. The war resulted in massive defeat of West Pakistan and secession of East Pakistan which is now known as Bangladesh. The war broke out on November 14 1971, initially engaging East Pakistan and West Pakistan, and later joined by India after attack of West Pakistan on the Indian Air Bases on December 3rd 1971. The war lasted until December 17th 1971. The cultural difference, economic exploitation, and language controversy between East Pakistan and West Pakistan led to separatist movement in East Pakistan. The army of West Pakistan launched Operation Searchlight to crush the movement. The massacre of thousands of civilians in East Pakistan was the main cause of the war. This research paper examines the study of the major combats and tactics used by both militaries. India and Pakistan got freedom from British rule and became separate nations in August 1947. Since then they fought many wars. In the year of 1971, East Pakistan which was the part of Pakistan earlier started protesting against the policy of the Pakistani Government. Pakistani failure to accommodate demands for autonomy in East Pakistan led to a separatist movement. West Pakistani Government launched fierce campaign called Operation Searchlight to crush the separatist movement. In 1971 West Pakistani Army carried out genocide in East Pakistan. Millions were killed and about ten millions refugees fled to India during the genocide. India already suffering from humanitarian and economic crisis was not able to carry burden of 10 million refugees. India started aiding to the Liberation Army of East Pakistan also called as Mukti Bahini to make East Pakistan an independent state and restore those refugees back to their homeland. This way the war in Eastern Theater started engaging Indian Mi litary, West Pakistani Military and Liberation Army. To release the pressure from the soldiers fighting in the East Pakistan and, to draw worlds attention away from the Genocide, West Pakistani Air Force attacked Indian Air Bases on December 3rd 1971. After the attack, India officially entered into war with West Pakistan. December 3rd 1971, 5.45 pm in evening, Pakistan launched massive attack against India by bombing Indian Airfields at Amritsar, Pathankot, Srinagar, Avantipur, Uttarlai, Faridpur, Chandigarh, Ambala and Agra. Pakistans main intention was to carry out massive air attack like the one that Israel carried out against Egypt in 1967 destroying Egyptian Air force completely. It was pre-emptive strike to destroy the Indian Air Force (IAF) completely before launching massive ground attack. The Pakistani Air Force (PAF) plane came in formation of 2, 3 and 6 and could not cause any irreparable damage to Indian planes or to Runway. Pakistan Air Force didnt succeed because of the simple reason that the Israeli plan that was studied and rehearsed by PAF was also studied by IAF. So the Pakistani attack on Indian Air bases was partially known to IAF thats why IAF took necessary caution for such kind of attack. The Indian command had dispersed most of its war planes from the forward air field to the interior areas which were away from the normal range of Pakistani Bombers. IAF took the precaution of hiding their planes inside the concrete pens so that only direct hit can destroy the plane. Almost all the Indian airfields were protected by the ack-ack anti aircraft guns hidden under the camouflaged netting. In response to Pakistani attack, Indian Air Force planes took off for Pakistan at the midnight 12.30 Am on December 4th 1971. Indian bombers attacked almost all Pakistani air fields in the West within 5 hour of taking to the air. IAF flew 500 sorties on the first night of attack. IAF flew equal amount of sorties in east and west but did more damage in East Pakistan. IAF destroyed half of the strength of PAF in east and PAF was left with only 9 Sabre Jets in the east. On 6th December 1971 IAF carried out 120 sorties for ground attack only. The IAF airman went to Attock to bomb Pakistani Refinery. Along with that, they destroyed eight railway station carrying military supplies and ammunitions and 22 wagons of goods train. IAF destroyed Pakistani target such as Bridges, Petrol Pumps, tanks, armored vehicles etc. IAF pilots carried out attacks on the PAF airbases at Mianwali, Murid,Sargodha, Sharkot, Chander and Risawala. During the 14 Day war period, IAF flew some 4000 stories in the we st and 2000 in the East.IAF also helped ground troops in many ground battles. In the Western Theater of war, the Indian Navy under the command of Vice Admiral Kohli achieved success by attacking Karachis port in the code named Operation Trident on the night of 4-5 December. Pakistani Naval headquarters was based at the historic and strategic port of Karachi here almost their entire fleet was concentrated. Pakistan attacked on Indian Airbases on December 3rd so it wasnt possible to carry out attack on the same night for Indian Navy. The attack was planned for the night of 4-5th December which was to be coordinated by continuous aerial bombardment from the IAF. The first attack on Karachi was to be undertaken by the Killer squadron which had these three missile boats; INS Nipat, INS Nirghat and INS Veer later accompanied by INS Kiltan and INS Vidyut. The fleet moved closer to the Pakistani land in the darkness of night. When the fleet was 70 miles away from Karachi, the squadron commander (K-25) B.B Yadav detected a contact at a distance of about 45 miles and a second contact about 42 miles northeast. That was the Pakistani destroyer Khaibar which failed to receive orders on investigation possible contact south of Karachi. K-25 ordered INS Nirghst to handle the contact in northwest. When INS Nirghat saw destroyer coming straight at the force, it launched a missile. When Khaibar saw a bright light approaching her they open fir anti aircraft gun mistaking it to be an aircraft. The missile struck Khaibar and exploded below the aft galley about 22.45hrs Pakistani time.

We Must Raise the Minimum Wage Essay -- Increase Minimum Wage Essays

Minimum wage is the lowest wage an employer can pay their employees. There is a Federal minimum wage and in some cases a State Minimum wage. The current Federal minimum wage is $7.25. An employee who makes $7.25 an hour and works 40 hours a week, will earn about $14,000 per year. The Federal government deemed that the poverty line is anyone who makes less than $17,000 a year (â€Å"Federal Minimum†). Therefore anyone that makes minimum wage lives below the poverty line. As president Obama said in his state of address, "In the wealthiest nation on earth, no one who works full-time should have to live in poverty† (â€Å"Federal Minimum†). This essay will examine the problem of low minimum wage and explore ways to resolve this issue. There are two types of minimum wage in the United States. The first type of minimum wage is a Federal minimum wage. Federal minimum wage is established by the Federal government and is the lowest set amount of money an employer can pay its employee (â€Å"Federal minimum†). On the other hand, an individual State may set its own minimum wage. The States under the Tenth Amendment have the right to accept the federal minimum wage, or states may set their own minimum wage. Roughly 20 or more states have set their own Minimum wage laws. Some states set their own minimum wage because some states have higher cost of living. An example of cost of living is the price of gasoline. Gasoline in the state of Hawaii cost just about four dollars per gallon, where as the state of Oklahoma cost roughly three dollars a gallon ("Update: Minimum Wage"). Economists point to inflation as the main cause for low minimum wage. Inflation is described as â€Å"a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of mone... ...e Minimum Wage Is Stuck at $7.25; It Should Be $21.16 — or Higher." Inequality.org. Inequality, Facts On File 24 July 2012. Web. 16 Oct. 2013. Berfield, Susan. "Fast-Food Wages Come With a $7 Billion Side of Public Assistance." BloombergBusiness. N.p., 15 Oct. 2013. Web. 16 Oct. 2013. "Federal Minimum Wage." Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 13 May 2013. Web. 15 Oct. 2013 Henderson, David R. "Raising the Minimum Wage Will Not Reduce Poverty." Poverty. Ed. Viqi Wagner. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from "The Negative Effects of the Minimum Wage." National Center for Policy Analysis, Brief Analysis. Vol. 550. 2006. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 6 Nov. 2013. "Update: Minimum Wage." Issues & Controversies On File: n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 15 July 2009. Web. 3 Nov. 2013.

mauryan empire :: essays research papers fc

The Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka, is famous for his Rock and Pillar edicts. But how much can we really know about Ashoka and his empire from these edicts, particularly as almost no other evidence exists for Ashoka’s reign? It is a fair assessment that up until the early part of the twentieth century, when the definitive link between Ashoka and that of the â€Å"Devanampiya Piyadassi (Beloved of the Gods Piyadassi)† character inscribed on the edicts was established, very little was either known about Ashoka or cared for by historians. However, it must be said that the Mauryan Empire itself was an era of significant historical value not without a good deal of historical and archaeological evidence to substantiate its importance. In addressing the issue of what the edicts in particular reveal to us about Ashoka and the period of his reign one needs to acknowledge undoubtedly what is being stated, but perhaps moreover one needs to pay attention to the inherent meanings, the intended meanings and the contextual meanings of the inscriptions themselves. The ultimate thematic concern of the edicts in general is that of the principle of Dhamma. A definition of Dhamma itself is given in the 2nd Pillar Edict as: â€Å"having few faults and many good deeds, mercy, charity, truthfulness and purity†. In this context one may deduce that the notion of Dhamma is a type of ethos for social morality or ethical behaviour. Furthermore, the term is said to be a fundamental philosophy of Buddhist doctrine, the practice of which leads to one’s advancement in both a spiritual and material sense. That Ashoka was a proclaimed Buddhist is evident from the edicts, â€Å"I have been a Buddhist layman for more than two and a half years, but for a year I did not make much progress. Now for more than a year I have drawn closer to the Order and become more ardent.† There are fewer examples of a more personal self-proclamation to be found and yet one cannot help but consider the motive behind it. Surely Ashoka, had taken seriously to Buddhism, he at least says so. However, he says so, publicly. This implies that he either was a firm believer who had a need to use his position as a platform to preach a doctrine which he had come to accept as the ultimate truth and as such, to share with and enlighten his people or he was a very sensible and intuitive leader who had a tremendous amount of foresight in adopting the principles of a profound philosophy that he saw could be used to strategically unify and mould his empire both socially and politically.

The Controversy of Interracial Marriages Essay -- Interracial Marriage

The Controversy of Interracial Marriages In today's society there is a lot of controversies over interracial marriages and dating. Interracial couples may have recently become very popular. An interracial marriage is defined as the marriage or unity of two heterosexual people, each of different races. In today's world it is happening more and more despite that many people do in fact disapprove of it and it does have an effect on the children and other family members.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a starting point, let us make it clear that there are no references in scripture that forbid interracial marriages, although some people take scriptures out of context to prove otherwise. While in the past, people were more likely to stick with their own kind; society has seen a significant growth in interracial relationships. By integrating with different cultures and nationalities, we are doing away with hate, racism, and prejudice. The most common type of interracial marriage is where a black male marries a white female. According to the book in 1990, 46 percent of marriages were interracial. It is a fact that most interracial married people live far away from their families. Two people from two different backgrounds will likely experience a significant number of challenges and communication barriers. With different cultures come different customs. With different customs come misunderstandings. With misunderstandings come pain and grief.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interracial relationships provide individuals...

Individual Relationship with Your Friends Essay

Mr. Hanif Abu Bakar Dengan berpandukan bincangkan bagaimana media atas talian (termasuklah sms dan sebagainya) boleh memberi manfaat kepada pelajar dan pensyarah semasa berkomunikasi. Bincangkan juga kelemahan komunikasi atas talian berbanding komunikasi bersemuka. Sila cadangkan cara mengatasi kelemahan tersebut dan perkara-perkara yang boleh diimplemenkan di Unimap dalam memudahkan komunikasi antara pelajar dan pensyarah. Anda boleh menggunakan teori komunikasi/media seperti â€Å"Media Richness Theory† bagi membantu tugasan anda. Bagi mendapatkan jawapan, sila temuramah sekurang-kurangnya lima pensyarah yang menggunakan media atas talian untuk berkomunikasi dengan pelajarnya. Sila sertakan bukti temuramah bersama tugasan atau semasa pembentangan. Discuss how online media (including sms, etc. ) can be beneficial to students and lecturers to communicate or share information with each other. Also discuss the disadvantages of online communication comparing to face-to-face communication. Please suggest how to overcome these weaknesses and the things that can be implemented in UniMAP in facilitating communication between students and lecturers. You can use any theories of communication / media such as â€Å"Media Richness Theory† to help your assignment. To get the answer, please interview at least five lecturers who use online media to communicate with students. Please attach proof of interviews with assignments or during a presentation. Interviews should be recorded All transcripts should be attached with the assignments Assignment should be no less than 30 pages Madya Abdul Aziz Mahmuddin What are the effective communication strategies used by UniMAP’s lectures? Interview at least 5 lecturers and answer the above question. Please provide a brief biodata of your respondents. a)Record the interview (to be submitted in the CD together with the photograph of the engineer (attach in your report) b)Provide organization’s profile and biography of the respondent (interviewee) c)Transform the dialog into a written format and analyse the information to answer the above statement Relate your discussion with personal experiences, concepts and elements of interpersonal communication (e. g. social penetration theory) as well as the process of relationship development. Bincangkan bagaimana kamu membangunkan hubungan individu dengan sahabat kamu. Kaitkan perbincangan kamu denggan pengalaman peribadi, konsep dan elemen komunikasi interpersonal (e. g. teori penembusan sosial) yang mana sebagai proses pembangunan hubungan. Based on the above statement, you are required to review and discuss in-depth and critical of the statement. You need to interview the engineers/ businessman of any organization to support the statement. In this task, you need to: a)Record the interview (to be submitted in the CD together with the photograph of the engineer (attach in your report) b)Provide organization’s profile and biography of the respondent (interviewee) c)Transform the dialog into a written format and analyze the information to answer the above statement

UNC Conboy

An International trade theory, grounded In the work of Adam Smith and David Richard, that focuses on the Importance of comparative advantage obtained through differences in natural or acquired economic advantages is referred to as: a. Classical trade theory b. Factor proportion theory c. Product life cycle theory d. Competitive advantage theory 2. Paul German's â€Å"realist† perspective embraces which of the following conclusions: a. Countries compete with each other much like companies compete with each other ND must therefore engage in similar strategic behaviors b.Government intervention in the market Is often essential due to imperfections that allow for the formation of monopolies and oligopolies In lucrative Industry segments c. Economic growth In one country must come at the expense of economic growth in another, therefore countries must protect domestic Industry in many instances d. Market imperfections due in fact exist, but the prospects for improving the situation through strategic trade policy is overstated by those in favor of government intervention 3.Cluster theory suggests that companies obtain resources as a result of geographic proximity to other related and supportive Industries primarily as a result of: a. Information spillovers b. Lower shipping costs c. Region specific subsidies d. Access to a common labor pools 4. A theory of Internationalization, observed In the wine Industry In the assigned readings, that focuses on the development of relationships between producers, suppliers, competitors, and government to obtain information and resources necessary to complete globally is referred to as: a. Pascal model b. Network model .Innovation model d. Leverage model 5. Michael Porters Diamond Model focuses on all of the following, EXCEPT: a. The Importance of International competition to drive technological Innovation b. C. Sophisticated domestic demand that encourages new product and service development d. The presence of related and su pportive industries in the domestic market 6. Mercantilism refers to policies and practices designed to: a. Encourage international trade through the creation of innovative products and services b. Remove regulatory and economic barriers to international competition c.Create a trade surplus by subsidizing domestic firms and limiting foreign competition d. Discourage all international trade to promote national independence and self- sufficiency 7. An international trade theory, grounded in the work of Wassail Limonite, that focuses on trade cycles emerging from production initially by a parent company, then by a foreign subsidiary, and ultimately by foreign competitors is referred to as: a. Classical trade theory d. Competitive advantage theory 8. Advocates of Porter's Diamond Model believe governments should support mommies industries by engaging in which of the following activities: a.Subordination of industries of national importance to improve their competitive position b. Imposi tion of barriers to prevent foreign competitors from entering domestic markets c. Provision of supportive public infrastructure and education needed to support emerging industries d. The government should play no role in supporting or developing domestic industries 9. Cluster theory focuses primarily on the creation of competitive advantage through: a. Ongoing investment in research and development to encourage innovation b.Intense price competition designed to bring down the cost of products and services c. Transportation costs associated with bringing goods and services to market d. Interactions between geographic concentrations of interconnected companies 10. The case study of wine clusters indicates that firms in this industry located in both Brazil and France have effectively leveraged which of the following cluster resources to facilitate the internationalization process: a. Affordable input costs b. Regional reputation and culture c. Manufacturing expertise d. Labor spillover s

Finding the Right Apartment Essay

So you are ready to take a leap of faith and branch out on your own, into the world and embrace your new found freedom by renting an apartment. That is fantastic, but first you may need help with choosing the apartment that best suits you, your lifestyle and most importantly, your budget. This is all a fairly easy project to accomplish if you know what you are doing, but it can also be very time consuming and stressful if you do not know what you are doing while also juggling a full time job. First, you have to locate a few different apartments to be able to choose the one you love. Start by doing some research on the internet. Also, ask around your community if you plan on staying in the current area you are in now. Make sure to read the local newspapers as well. If you have children, research apartment communities closet to their school. If you have pets, find apartments that will accommodate them. Research the area to see if you are near a bus line, a taxi service or within close proximity to your family and friends, should you ever need a ride to and from work due to car troubles. After that, try your best to narrow your list down to three or four apartments. Next, meet with the leasing agents for each of the apartments you want to view. Make sure you take a good look around and see everything they have to offer. Ask what type of amenities the complex has to offer. For example, do they have a gated entrance, 24 hour gym, a pool, a spa or sauna, playground area, garages for rent and/or laundry mat services on site? When inside the actual apartment, check to make sure how many bedrooms will be beneficial to you. Make sure there is enough closet and cabinet space for all of your belongings. Ask any and all questions. Be sure to ask about alarm services if you notice an alarm system built in. Ask if everything is gas or electric powered and if it has central heating and air. Ask what utility companies they use. You may be able to transfer over your previous services if they use the same ones. If you do not like the current color of the walls, ask if you can paint over them, as long as you paint them back or prime them upon move out. Also, decide if you want a bottom or top floor and ask if your preference is available. Of course, problems and hurdles may arise, but with honesty and careful consideration of the initial problem, you can overcome the problems. Some problems that may arise are bad information on your background check that will stall the rental process. Be honest with them and they may be willing to work with you under the circumstances. Another hurdle could be unexpected problems with your finances. In this case, you will need to sit down. Go over your finances and make cuts on what you do not need and factor in what you do need. Play around with the numbers until you have comfortably figured out your living expenses. You may end up being one of the lucky ones and have a â€Å"smooth sailing† through the entire rental process, but if you do not, take it one step at a time until you have overcome any and all obstacles. Once you have decided upon the right apartment complex for you, you will need to sign a lease. Before your sign the lease and pay all your deposit and application fees, ask if your deposit is refundable. Also ask if they give application fee discounts if you are a college student. Decide the lease length you need and ask if they offer month to month, a 3 month, 6 month, 12 month or 18 month lease. Ask if the lease is a done locked deal or if you can break the lease say you should have to move away. Remember that no question is a wrong question, so ask anything that comes to mind. After you sign that lease, congratulations, you are now an adult with your very own place. Living on your own can be difficult at times but it is very rewarding and empowering and it helps to boost your confidence and self esteem. Knowing you have truly stepped into your own skin and into true adulthood is one of the greatest satisfactions you may experience in your young life. Taste it, savor it and enjoy it. You deserve it!

Philosophy as Metaphysics Essay

ABSTRACT: Philosophy works with special types of objects: the totalities. The basic characteristics of this type of object are their metaphysical, transcendental, and total character. The character of these objects determines the specificity of language and the methods of philosophy. The language of philosophy represents symbolic language; speculation is the basic method of philosophy. On the one hand, objects of this type emphasis homo sapien as essences capable of constructing such objects, which in turn assumes the ability of human consciousness to make synthetic acts. On the basis of philosophy as metaphysics, an original approach is offered which divides the history of philosophy into periods as well as providing analysis of different philosophical systems. Feature of philosophical activity, as against a science, is the work with special, not physical objects — the totalities, which are constituted by the philosopher. One of such objects is the world, and, in this sense, we often say, that philosophy is a wel-tanschauung (world-outlook) . Certainly, the world as some set of things can be studied by physics (sciences in a broad sense), but in this case a researcher can miss the point that the world is a totality, not just a simple set of things. As distinct from scientific study the philosophy takes its objects as the totalities, which the subject of knowledge cannot study as ordinary objects, because the including the learning subject character of these the totalities excludes any standard scientific approach to knowledge in principle. Others examples of the above mentioned objects (the totalities) are Ego and God. Objects of this type (with some reservations) are a lot of human being phenomena, such as love, virtue, conscience, courage, bravery, understanding and so on. All these objects are those, that the precise fixing of objective criteria of their existence is impossible, it is impossible to create the high-grade theory of these phenomena (for example, theory of love or bravery), as they assume not only objective Contemplator (as it occurs in case of objects of scientific knowledge), but also postulate the Actor inside them, that causes essentially twinkling way of them being. (2) Exactly the character of these objects determined essential features of the philosophizing as metaphysical activity. The underlining of metaphysical character of philosophy objects dictates the special procedures of work with them, distinct from of methods of scientific knowledge. Metaphysical objects — constructs cannot be given in frameworks of physical experience; the study — constructing of these objects occurs by a way of thinking means, procedures of speculation. That is why the one of the most typical mistakes in the researching of these objects is procedures of naturalization metaphysical objects, i. e. consideration of natural (physical) analogs of these objects. For example, instead of work with the world (the world as totality) we consider the world as some sets of physical, chemical, biological etc. objects, and instead of the analysis of phenomenon of consciousness proper as metaphysical object the natural analog of consciousness — brain or mentality of the particular human being, we examine. Specifying the status of these objects, it is possible to tell, that the subject of the philosophy activity are metaphysical-transcendental objects, i. e. objects having the boundary status of their existence. The boundary character of these objects allows to specify Kantian distinction sensible phenomena and transcendent things in itself. Moreover, metaphysical-transcendental objects are located on border of other known distinctions of classical philosophy. (3) They are, for example, not subjective and not objective, not conscious and not material. It is interesting in this respect appearance of the first proper philosophical category of being, which, in fact, was entered Parmenid`s as boundary metaphysical-transcendental object being-thinking (in this case, alongside with Parmenid`s postulating his first thesis, entering a category of being, presence of the second his thesis, establishing the coincidence of an entered category of being with another category — the category of thinking). In some sense, metaphysical-transcendental objects are Husserl`s phenomenal, from which as a result of procedures of objectivizing and (or) subjectivizing the subjects and objects can be received, i. e. is entered subjective-objective distinction of New time. On the other hand, the boundary character of these objects allows still to work with them ( I specially avoid the term to learn, as far as these procedures are applied only for work with usual objects). Above this mode of working with them was named as speculation, which, as a result, the construction of these objects to occur by a way of thinking means. The creation such thinking construct is caused by that the person aspires to understand mode of functioning of the totalities, which surround him. And just this phenomenon of surprise before presence of such totalities is a beginning and basic nerve of philosophy. In this sense, philosophizing is possible only as an act of work of the beings, capable to postulate these totalities, due to synthetic acts (Kant), as being, perceiving the environmental world not in itself, but by means of symbolical function (Cassirer), through a prism of the transformed forms (Marx, Mamardaschvili). Another important characteristic of metaphysical objects is their total-making nature. It means, that the purpose of designing such objects is the attempt of understanding of some phenomenon of totality (for example, the world as whole, totality) in light of a question how (why) this phenomenon is possible?. The answer to this question assumes revealing mechanism of existence of this phenomenon. That is why it is important for the philosopher not to know some common aspect, that is allowed at a level of the primary, superficial description of it and other similar objects, but to know general (total) principle of functioning of objects of this type. For example, if a row of the plane polygons is given to us, a triangle(4) will act as general principle of this variety, because all others plane polygons can be given with the help of a triangle. Thus, philosophical constructs act as transcendental condition of seeing of other physical objects. That the phenomenon of seeing of a house was possible as some totality, it is necessary to postulate a row of transcendental conditions of this phenomenon, among them we can allocate necessity being of the house (Parmenid), recognition (and taking shape) this being by means of idea of home (Plato), fixing the house as an object of perception by some subject (Decartes) within spatial-temporary a priory forms of sensuality (Kant). On the other hand, a row of such philosophical constructs define a horizon, a way of seeing of subjects (Wittgenstein), associated with a certain epoch. For example, the mentioned above transcendental conditions of a phenomenon of seeing of a house define a way of seeing of subjects within the framework of classical philosophy. In this sense these constructs act as total-necessary cultural machines, that set the cultural way of living activity of the person and made imperceptible but essential background of his existence. For example, when a modern man looks at star sky, he sees not simply separate stars, but constellations — and it is impossible to explain to a person from other culture (and the more so, being, which is not having ability to the synthetic acts). Moreover, developing this example with constructing of constellations, it is possible to tell, that exactly it has made possible occurrence of such activity as an astrology. The above mentioned metaphysical character of philosophy objects causes the specification of the language and methods philosophizing. The language of philosophy has not signal, but symbolical character. Let’s stop on it hardly more in detail. Already science differs from the common sense description, because it uses some abstraction, ideal elements, which, in a common case, it is impossible to compare any certain objects of the physical validity. For example, as D. Gilbert says, in mathematics, those are language fictions, and one of the main problems of a substantiation of mathematics is either an exception these fictions, or imposing some certain restrictions — all that prevent the appearance of negative consequences, while using language fictions. Any language works with signs, besides that, any theory deals with mentioned language fictions (=  «symbols »), i. e. such kinds of signs, with which nothing corresponds in sensible reality. For example, in physics has concepts a material point, an absolutely black body, etc. They are often called as abstract — ideal objects, which turn out by a way of abstraction (idealization) from any properties of real physical objects. But in physics there are and more fictitious objects: cwarcks, for example, which not only is evident not imagine, but also until last time have acted only as theoretical constructs essentially of unobservable nature. In this case we can postulate a metaphysical mode of existence for these objects. It is important to emphasize, that these metaphysical objects do not exist in the same sense, as it is for the particular objects of a physical reality, such as table, chair,etc. The majority of the philosophy terms, its categorical apparatus have such symbolical character. It is impossible to give any referents of philosophical categories inside a physical reality. We can take as an example of such philosophical categories as being, consciousness etc. , for which we can somehow find certain physical analogues (for example, for a philosophical category  «being  » such analogue is the category  «substance » or matter). But there are more humanitarian objects connected with some features of a human being way, for which in general there are no analogues in a nature. These are, for example, concepts virtue, conscience, love, debt, bravery†¦ This specification of the philosophy language, which symbols indicate an existence of a special metaphysical dimension of a reality could be expressed by Kantian exclamation â€Å"Excuse me, but it is not, what I speak about (mean)! † in reply to German poet Schiller`s misunderstanding his categorical imperative. The metaphysical character of the categorical philosophical apparatus predetermines also specification of philosophical reasoning. The postulated non-sense character of perception of objects of the filosophizing assumes the special procedures of work, which were above characterized as a procedure of speculation. The main difficulty thus — is absence of a support on sensible analogy, which often helps us in daily life. The structure a reasoning about pure being (or conscience) is principle different from the reasoning about a tree, or a sex, or other objects of the physical world. Danger, which here waits us — influence of our vital experience, influence sensible hooks, which can destroy the ability for the reflex and philosophical analysis. To explain the idea about involuntary influence ours sensible apparatus, M. Mamardaschvili in the lectures about M. Proust, used as an example biblical commandment when they beat you on the one cheek — put another one as a vivid example of inhibition (Husserl`s  «phenomenological reduction ») of a standard human reaction (reflex), imposed to us by sense-figurative thinking (if somebody hearts you — reply with the same). Moreover, it is possible, that some other logic operates in area of speculative objects, distinct from usual, earthly logic. In particular, according to opinion of the Russian philosopher and the logic N. A. Vasiljev, validity of the logic law of excluded third, has purely earthly an origin and it is connected with primacy, after Aristotle, of individual existing things. (5) If we, following Plato, consider classes of subjects as primary (for instance, subject a class of tables), the law of excluded third will be incorrect, as the table as one of set of subjects of a class of tables can be simultaneously both white and non-white (in instance, green). Of course, here it is necessary to realize, that the opposite properties are attributed to the different individuals of primary â€Å"subject† — different things of the same class). The transfer of the point of view from single objects to classes of objects has allowed N. Vasiljev to formulate imagined logic with the law of excluded fourth. This logic in anything does not concede on its parameters to our habitual logic with the law of excluded third, but expands opportunities of our thinking. Within the framework of this logic the paradoxical coincidence between maximum and minimum, revealed Nikolaj from Kuza, does not cause surprise. The only acceptable procedure for understanding of philosophical categories within of some philosophical framework is the correlation of the different speculative (metaphysics) objects with the help of a method language game.

Employment law, trade unions (uk) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Employment law, trade unions (uk) - Essay Example Human nature is essentially the same the world over and "man is a social animal at all times" (Bates, April 1888) and in all places. It is this basic nature of man that controls and directs the organization and development of society in all its spheres of activity. The inevitable landmark of social advance has been the family , the tribe, the state and the world organisation. Further advances in world organisation have however to be made if man is to benefit from and not to be destroyed by the power of the atom. Different approaches may be made in this regard. But world organisation has persistently proceeded, ever since the industrial revolution in England, on the basis of social system subjected to industrial modes of production. One of the most fruitful approaches would, therefore to explore the possibilities of the dynamic forces that have already manifested themselves in modern industrial society (Fung, 2003). The industrial system has increased the inter dependence of people ev erywhere and it is constantly emphasising the ever-growing importance of the technique of cooperation. The trade union have, therefore become the greatest economic institution of our times and the future of democracy is closely bound up with the fate of trade unions. TRADE UNION The term 'trade union' is in constant and popular use, and it is usually clear when a body is or is not a union. However, a statutory definition is necessary to determine what organisations are eligible for the various rights and duties accorded such bodies. Thus s.1 of the "Trade union and Labour Relations (consolidation) act 1992 characterizes as a union, 'an organisation(whether permanent or temporary) which.. consists wholly or mainly of workers of one or more descriptions and is an organisation whose principal purposes include the regulation of relations between workers of that description of those descriptions and employers or employers associations" (Trade Unions, n.d.). "The largest organization of trade union members in the world is the Brussels-based International Trade Union Confederation. it has approximately 309 affiliated organizations in 156 countries and territories today, with a combined membership of 166 million" (Wikipedia, 13 April 2008). PURPOSE OF TRADE UNION The trade unions have, therefore, become the greatest economic institution of our times and the future of democracy closely bound up with the fate of trade unions. The immediate objectives with which trade union have been formed in different parts of the worlds are essentially the same. The objectives and activities of trade unions may differ but general objectives are follows: To ensure the benefits of the worker from unemployment, ill health, old age and working environment. So that they can get professional training,

Fashion, Culture and Tibetan Buddhism Research Paper

Fashion, Culture and Tibetan Buddhism - Research Paper Example The essay "Fashion, Culture and Tibetan Buddhism" will study the relationship that exists between Tibetan Buddhism (its culture and religion) and fashion, while comparing it with Islam and its influence on fashion. In the context of fashion and social identity, observations revealed that an individual interacts with fashion in a same manner he/she interacts with other people, thus using fashion to reveal what he/she wants to personify. The direct contact between the wearer and various fashion elements (such as, clothes and other accessories) help to establish a personal identity. Since fashion tends to portray the link between physical materials (such as, clothes and jewelry) and the wearer’s personal values, there is also a close connection between fashion and one’s self-perception. Fashion affects the wearer’s self-perception, thus acting like a filter, positioning itself between society and the wearer. Observations revealed that generally, physical bodies are viewed as social symbols, where female bodies form an important mechanism for preserving social and cultural traditions; wherein majority of the conservative religions tend to dictate stringent norms for female fashion . While establishing personal identities, fashion also helps in constructing social status and position, where it is presumed that fashion is a true reflection of the wearer’s self and lifestyle. The strict sociocultural rules governing fashions are often visible as laws of the land that force people (primarily women). to follow rigid social standards in the context of clothing, and often giving rise to a social tension between conformists and dissidents (Voss, 405-407). In such instances, it is evident that culture plays a dominating role and fashion becomes a strong tool in hands of the conservatives, which is used for gender subjugation and social control, a condition prevalent in the Islamic countries. On the other hand, social dissidents also use fashion t o symbolize their breakaway from rigid socio-cultural and religious norms. Therefore, fashion is closely related to different aspects of the culture and society from which it originates and subsequently represents. Tibetan history, culture and fashion Tibetan culture  has evolved through the influence of various external factors. Tibet had established trade connections with India and China from the ancient times, and these two countries have produced a significant effect on its cultural development. Tibet’s  inaccessibility, owing to its remote location, has however helped to preserve certain local influences that make it stand apart from both India and China. In terms of religion, Buddhism  has a strong influence on the socio-cultural aspects of Tibet, since its introduction in the country as early as the seventh century. Music, literature, art, clothing and almost all aspects of the Tibetan life strongly reflect presence of Buddhist values and beliefs. In Tibet, Buddh ism has developed its own unique form, which adopted the  Bon cultural tradition, interspersed with various local beliefs. According to

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

International Marketing - Essay Example Internationalization Process A) Stages in Entry Process Internationalization process allows new ventures to gain growth and positive returns through capitalizing on their unique resources as well as capabilities. Learning also becomes possible and internationalization facilitates the new ventures to create and exploit its knowledge. While entering into any markets of any country, it becomes essential to look for opportunities for the product in that particular country so that success can be achieved. There are five basic steps that can be taken into account while expanding operation in other countries. They are ‘country identification, preliminary screening, in-depth screening, final selection and direct experience’. Country Identification It becomes too essential to carry out a common overview of prospective new markets. It may happen at times that two countries share a similar culture, political ideology or religion such as China and Cuba, similar language like the Uni ted States and Australia, similar heritage such as the United Kingdom and Australia. In this stage, the selection becomes straight forward. Preliminary Screening This is the stage where it becomes essential to have a serious look at those countries remaining after undergoing preliminary screening. Here one begins to score weight or rank the nations according to macro-economic factors such as level of domestic consumption, exchange rate, currency stability and others. This is the stage where companies begin to start calculating the nature of the market entry cost. It is to be decided what portion of the company entering into the market is possessed domestically. A proper PESTEL analysis needs to be done before entering the market of other countries. In-depth Screening This is the stage where it would be considered feasible for market entry. Therefore, it becomes important to gain detailed information on the target market so that the strategies can be formulated accordingly. Final Sel ection At this stage it becomes essential to prepare the final shortlist of the potential nations. It would be viable to look at the close competitors or the domestic companies which have already entered into the market in order to get firm costs concerning market entry. In this stage, the managers often looks for nations that it has already entered in order to check the similarities or learning which can be used for decision making. Direct Experience This is the stage where the marketing managers may travel to those particular nations in order to experience the nation’s culture as well as business practices. However, based upon the case study, the following steps of foreign market entry have been identified. 1. Identification of company’s objective in the foreign market entry 2. Preliminary country screening 3. Opportunities and threats in the target country 4. Capabilities, resources and skills needed to succeed in foreign markets 5. Identification of company’ s strength and weakness on key success factors 6. Decisions regarding entering the target market 7. Comparison and ranking of the target market B) Decision to Be Made In Each Stages In case of identifying the objective of the company in the foreign market entry, companies need to identify why it wants to enter into the foreign market. The motives may be to exploit large and