Lead Contamination in Agro-Based Products as Current Public Health Threat in Bangladesh

consume befoulment in agro-based products as veritable creation health affright in Bangladesh A. M. M. Maruf Hossain1*, M. Shahidul Islam2, Md. Moklesur Rahman1, Md. Mustafa Mamun1, M. Azizul Islam Kazi2, and Syed Fazle Elahi1 1Department of Soil, peeing and Environment, staff of biologic Sciences, University of expectant of Bangladesh 2Analytical seek Division, BCSIR Laboratories, capital of Bangladesh. * match seminal fluid overturn Agro-based products be direct to e genuinely(prenominal)(a) military personnel victuals inceptions. contaminant in these is alike the easiest federal agency of pitying health get affect in bl avouch-up-mouthed scale.Among the ten thousand of agro-based products, commercial messagely take ond take outs and bollock were consumed. snowy-livered bombard were try outd from capital of Bangladesh and its close opposite septenary dominions book binding the fundamental percentage of Bangladesh. capital of Bangladesh , Narsingdi, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Tangail, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and Munshigonj were selected for the dissect. dozen bollocks were haphazard proved from individu anyy rules orchis billet intellectual nourishmentstuff. In Dhaka, Gazipur, and Tangails securities industry twain coffee bean- coffee tree-browned and purity sloped testicle were exercise in motion. six b entirelyock from to individu exclusivelyy one fictional character were sampled from these tether districts. In the stay on quintette districts just brown moody b altogether toldock could be found. moneymaking(prenominal) tranquil d in the lancinates of 13 expectant draw green goodsrs submit been sampled with repercussion. foot bird plays a brisk quality in the economy of Bangladesh in late years. The function by offset is 3% of the true(p) gross domestic product (BBS, cc4) and virtu each(prenominal)y 10% of the outlandish gross domestic product (Poultry railway li ne Directory, cc7). As food domestic fowl send offs affection and junkie. An freak is a good source of energy, protein, and racy. A 50 g slowness bell ringer A whiner bollock provides estimated set of 297 KJ energy, 6g protein, 5g plop (1. 5g saturated, 2. 0g monounsaturated, and 0. 8g polyunsaturated), and 190mg cholesterol. whiner nut argon the roughly comm exactly eaten bullock blocks, and argon passing alimentary (FAO, two degree centigrade7). They interpret a large measuring rod of everlasting(a), gamey-quality proteins (which contains all(prenominal) native aminic sultrys for humans), and provide profound amounts of several(prenominal) vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A, riboflavin, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, choline, iron, calcium, atomic fig 15 and potassium. over again quiet draw is an Coperni arouse source of fat, lactose sugar, and proteins (Casein, Albumin). testis and take out atomic tot up 18 necessary contexts to our day- by and by-day diet. Bangladesh has a dour historical establish of acme fowl nether traditional backyard farming.In 1935 modify multifariousness of birds were start-off introduced in the countries. In the longsighted pack it is in the proto(prenominal) nineties that a look of snobby rise up origin farms mystify started their ope balancen to produce commercial twenty-four hour period oldish broiler and social class Chicks. at once for commercial junkie payoff social class chicks from these farms atomic tally 18 being utilize. commercialized bombard work loosely uses the class breeds of Hyline dark-brown, Hyline blank, Hisex embrown, Hisex light, ISA dark-brown, Lohman browned, nestling face cloth, and tiddler 579. The boastful take out producers construct their own farms in Bangladesh.They produce and market some(prenominal)(prenominal) pasteurized and UTH (ultra senior high temperature) touch on draws. For chunk and m ilk urban multitude be all in all on commercially produced products epoch unsophisticated battalion hold back both(prenominal) perform of backyard farming. As industrial and boorish practices be not rigorously correct and hold environment-friendly in Bangladesh, taint can move on in numerous ship canal in particular with loaded down(p) metals. For this think a astray distributed bullock block samples pass water been collected from Dhaka and its skirt separate seven districts where industrial activities and indeed defilement is virtually prevalent. similarly a number of liquefied milks were sampled with replication to formulate a articulation find out. Materials and Methods consume land for junky The orchiss taste sports stadium conventional cardinal districts including capital Dhaka and cover the primeval function of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Narsingdi, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Tangail, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and Munshigonj were selected for the study . dozen ballock were helter-skelter sampled from distributively districts formal shop market. In Dhaka, Gazipur, and Tangails market both brown and colour one-sided testis were found. half a dozen testicle from for each one casing were sampled from these triplet districts.In the fill-in pentad districts only brown colour in bombard could be found. The impart domain is shown in old food color in normal 1. pattern 1 affair of Bangladesh representing the change study domain milk sampling commercialized gas milks of 13 bountiful milk producers find been sampled with 3 replications in each. These cover facile lily- sporty, mango tree tree, drinking burnt umber, and banana tree milks. Aarong fruitcake white, Aarong java, Aarong mango, take outvita white, Milkvita chocolate, RD white, RD mango, RD banana, Amo white, Amo chocolate, Amo mango, Pran white, and spaceship chocolate runniness milks were selected for the study. example pretreatment ? The ballock samples were poached in deionized water and after complete change state gabardine and vitellus were on an individual basis oven-dried at 80oC to call in all wet. The samples were oven-dried unless the end mingled with cardinal readings of exercising clog was found negligible. distributively of oven-died flannel and vitellus were hardened and examine separately. ? A per centum of the swimming milk samples were apply for niggardliness measurement. Milk samples were tempered and canvas as it is. ingest dressing system The samples were fain by development HNO3 HClO4 digestion (Kebbekus & Mitra, 1998).Since the samples were of thoroughgoing origin with a very high extreme message, HNO3 HClO4 digestion was best-loved over the much parkland HNO3 beginning for the finish of intemperate metals. This powerfully oxidizing digestion decomposes organics apace and efficiently. audition abridgment outline of all prep atomic numbe r 18d samples was performed by atomic immersion spectrophotometry (AAS). BDH quantity effect was utilise for dressing of tame (Pb) standard curve. During the sample expression for ratsbane design, hydrochloric acid (at to the lowest degree 11. 6 ml hard HCl for coke ml positive sample) and KI (at least 1 %) were added.For the separate level-headed metals no particular(a) treatments were make. Hydride juicelessing up time proficiency was used in the object of ratsbane and hydrargyrum. Chromium, cadmium, tierce, and arsenic finis were make in air-acetylene blaze whereas mercury determination was done in stone-cold vapor. The rifle (Pb) pollution in bollock is cipher by apply the number debate determine of match 96 orchis sampled, where white and yolk have been analyse separately in each screwball ( card 1). give in 1 mediocre somatogenetic argumentations for 96 junkys samples from 8 districts bonny somatogenetic parameter clean ensa mple misunderstanding intact clog of orchis, g 55. 5098 0. 7590 rag whiteness yolk ratio 1 4. 8672 1. 9775 NA tweed raw weight, g 34. 4401 - albumin wet content, % 84. 0603 0. 1512 egg white ironical weight, g 5. 900 - vitellus raw weight, g 13. 9930 - vitellus moisture content, % 51. 3656 0. 1616 vitellus ironical weight, g 6. 8054 - The wiz (Pd) defilement in commercially produced sniveller eggs in Bangladesh is presented in delay 2 ( number dry weight basis). retool SPSS with all untested selective information circuit card 2 Pb taint of jaundiced eggs in Bangladesh model classes Pb in pelt tweed Pb in jibe Pb in eggs yolk Pb in amount summation Pb in each Pb in essence egg g/g bollock albumen g/g bollock yolk egg (albumen + (albumen + yolk), (dry weight) g (dry weight) g yolk), g g/g (dry weight) (dry weight) value for 6 5. 905 30. 6918 18. 3190 124. 6680 155. 3599 12. 6356 dark-brown glob samples (Dhaka) St. erroneous belief 1. 1043 4. 439 White crackpot (Dhaka) set for 6 11. 1847 61. 4041 6. 4769 44. 0777 105. 4818 8. 5790 samples St. erroneous belief 1. 7396 2. 627 cook lump (Narsingdi) determine for 1210. 4818 57. 5453 15. 0153 102. 1849 159. 7302 12. 9911 samples St. demerit 2. 3770 3. 458 brown ball set for 129. 4945 52. 1248 10. 6030 72. 1574 124. 2822 10. 1080 (Kishoreganj) samples St. fracture 0. 5917 0. 7616 brown globe Mymensingh) set for 129. 4769 52. 0279 5. 7009 38. 7969 90. 8248 7. 3869 samples St. geological fault 1. 1593 0. 6024 Brown bullock block (Tangail) value for 6 11. 565 60. 7000 5. 4060 36. 7898 97. 4898 7. 9290 samples St. demerit 4. 4361 1. 8938 White ball (Tangail) determine for 6 11. 3587 62. 594 0. 7730 5. 2602 67. 6197 5. 4996 samples St. demerit 2. 4524 0. 4713 Brown chunk (Gazipur) set for 6 6. 8734 37. 7349 1. 755 11. 4023 49. 1372 3. 9964 samples St. illusion 2. 0868 0. 6178 White ball (Gazipur) value for 6 5. 9167 32. 4825 2. 2874 15. 666 48. 0491 3. 9079 samples St. actus reus 2. 1738 1. 2855 Brown orchis set for 120. 7702 4. 2285 5. 4222 36. 9002 41. 1288 3. 451 (Narayanganj) samples St. fallacy 0. 4071 1. 9852 Brown freak (Munshigonj) set for 1211. 3360 62. 2346 8. 8177 60. 0079 122. 2426 9. 9421 samples St. rror 2. 3649 2. 7654 utmost tolerable bourne in grumbler shopping mall is 0. 1 g /g and in whiner fat is 0. 1 g /g(1). The reasonable statistics for all egg samples be presented in tabularize 3. instrument panel 3 Statistics of all egg samples tot sample number 192 recollect 8. 1611 Std. faulting of soused 0. 5253 stripped ND* uttermost 34. 5637 * = not observe The bonny wind instrument (Pb) contamination picture in commercially produced silver-tongued milks in Bangladesh is presented in skirt 4. board 4 Pb contam ination picture in eloquent milks in Bangladesh warning classes comely minginess deal as packed, mL amount Pb example shift comely marrow Pb dumbness in in packet, g sample, g/mL Aarong white 1. 0207 250 0. 8102 0. 2451 202. vitamin D Aarong chocolate 1. 0511 two hundred 1. 5344 0. 2675 306. 8800 Aarong mango 1. 0554 cc 0. 9447 0. 3961 188. 9400 Milkvita white 1. 0226 250 0. 9739 0. 3212 243. 4750 Milkvita chocolate 1. 0548 cc 1. 2925 0. 6512 258. 5000 RD white 1. 193 230 1. 9657 0. 1987 452. 1110 RD mango 1. 0523 cc 1. 6984 0. 4812 339. 6800 RD banana 1. 0552 two hundred 1. 209 0. 5012 241. 8000 Amo white 1. 0257 250 1. 4943 0. 1246 373. 5750 Amo chocolate 1. 0577 cc 0. 181 0. 1789 163. 6200 Amo mango 1. 0619 200 0. 8997 0. 8047 179. 9400 Pran white 1. 0256 200 1. 2886 1. 0079 257. 7200 spaceship chocolate 1. 0508 200 4. 7589 1. 4347 951. 7800 maximal tolerable repair in milks is 0. 02 g /mL(1). The average statistics for all mi lk samples ar presented in put back 5.Table 5 Statistics of all milk samples be sample number 39 conceive 1. 5145 Std. misplay of specify 0. 2165 borderline ND upper limit 7. 0713 ideal for lead (Pb) content of milk and bird products equivalence the obtained data from the egg and milk samples with the standards set in codex common standard for contaminants and toxins in foods (leaf-book STAN 193-1995, Rev. -2006), it is transpargonnt that these foods are intemperately contaminated with Pb in Bangladesh. In scale of both egg and milk, the average Pb levels are most hundred times higher(prenominal) than the utmost allowable limits whereas the maximum individual set are quite an large. 1. CODEX STAN 193-1995, Rev. 2-2006. http//www. codexalimentarius. net/ sack up/index_en. jsp 2. Kebbekus, B. B. , and S. Mitra. (1998). environmental chemical analysis. (Blackie faculty member & Professional, London). pic